Chapter 13 Personality o Explanations for Personality Psychoanalytic Theory 12 05 2014 o Freud s theory of personality development surrounds his three structures of the mind id ego and superego o He identified 5 stages in the development of personality Inability to complete the stages led to fixations o Perspectives on Psychoanalytic Theory His theory is vague and is unable to predict future behavior based on case studies of a limited set of people He did help us to understand the role of the unconscious Humanistic Approach o Humanistic Theories Humans possess an intimate tendency to improve and to determine their lives through the decisions they make Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are two of the creators of this view Maslow created the hierarchy of needs Behaviorist View o Personality is learned o Certain behaviors are reinforced in the environment o This evolved into the Social Cognitive View Social Cognitive View development o Emphasized that people s thoughts affect personality o Bandura s Reciprocal Determinism and Self Efficacy Reciprocal Determinism Environment to personal cognitive factors to All flows back and forth and affects one behavior another Self Efficacy One s perception of personal effectiveness One of Bandura s personal cognitive factors Belief you will do well greater effort and persistence success and so on Belief you will do poorly less effort and persistence failure and so on People differ in how much control they believe they have over their life choices Internals in control of most choices Externals lives in the hands of outside forces o Locus of control o Differences between people are due to basically stable personality traits Less concerned with why but instead try to predict and explain behavior o The Big Five Openness to experience From curious to low desire for exploration Conscientiousness Biological View o Theories of Personality Trait Theory From dependable to spontaneous Extraversion From outgoing to shy Agreeableness From complaint to independent Neuroticism From highly emotional to emotionally stable Uses the mnemonic OCEAN Created by Hans Eysenck These characteristics are very broad but seem to exist in individuals across cultures o Personality Assessments Interviews Observation Rating Scales Projective tests o Problems Inventories Observations interviews and rating scales suffer from reliability problems and the halo effect Halo Effect Assuming that someone with one favorable trait has many others as well The MMPI 2 o Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory In it s second edition o The most widely used inventory o Consists of 567 true false questions o MMPI 2 Validity Scales Cannot say Evasiveness Lying L Lying in order to look good Correction K Defensiveness in filling out the scale Infrequency F Lying in order to look bad The Rorschach Projective Test o Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot triggered that response Responses scored on use of parts vs wholes movement Criticized for lack of reliability low validity inability to content use of color predict behavior The TAT o Consists of 19 vague or ambiguous drawings o Person describes what is happening in each o Criticized for low reliability and for reflecting temporary states rather than long term traits Myer Briggs Type Indicator o Based on the ideas of Carl Jung who was a follower of Freud until they had a falling out o Form G apparently the best has 126 items each with yes or no answers o Sixteen possible personality types o Scales of MBTI Focus of Attention Extraversion to introversion Method of Gathering Information Sensing to Intuition Method of Making Decision Thinking to Feeling Method of Dealing with World Judging to Perceiving o Barnum Effect One concern of some personality profiles is that individuals tend to rate them as highly accurate even if the description they provide are too general to be meaningful o Also called the Forer Effect Psychological Disorders 12 05 2014 o Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with Brain structure and functions o Psychological Disorders Intern s Syndrome o Many symptoms resemble life s normal little problems o People studying illnesses often start thinking they have those illnesses o Insanity Insanity is a legal term describing the mental state of those who cannot be held responsible for their actions o Culture and context are important in defining abnormality o True of False Let s talk about mental disorders o Abnormal behaviors are always bizarre o A clear distinction can be drawn between normal and FALSE abnormal behaviors FALSE o Since mental illness is so common there is reason to be fearful of one s own vulnerability o Geniuses are particularly prone to emotional disorders o Most mental disorders are incurable FALSE FALSE FALSE o Abnormal Behavior a scale Is it dangerous to the person or others Does it cause distress to the person or others What is the degree of suffering felt by the person How strange is the behavior o Does it impair functioning in everyday life o Historical View demons Psychological disorders have been associated with evil in the past Even in prehistoric times people drilled holes in skulls to release The end of the 18th century changed views drifted away from belief that it was evil spirits to science o First Mental Hospital in US Was founded in Williamsburg VA in 1773 Benjamin Rush father of American psychiatry He believed that mental disorder was caused by an excess of blood in the brain o Moral Treatment Philippe Pinel humanitarian treatment of patients in asylums in 1793 he removed the chains of people imprisoned in a French asylum and treated them as ill rather than as animals o These changes filtered over to the US o First textbook of Psychiatry Emil Kraepelin published in 1883 first classification system to establish the organic nature of mental illness o Included two major groups dementia praecox schizophrenia or manic depressive psychosis o Psychological Disorders A constellation of symptoms that create significant distress or impairment in work school family relationships daily living or lead to a significant risk of harm o it is difficult to give an exact definition o DSM 5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition American Psychiatric Association 2013 Although not a perfect system it is the predominant means of categorizing disorders in the US It has been
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