Some Fallacies Marcela Herdova Ethical Issues The fallacy of majority belief The fallacy of common practice Deriving an ought from an is Ad Hominem Ad Hominem circumstantial Tu quoque Appeal to authority Slippery Slope The perfectionist fallacy Conflation of morality with legality Appeal to Ignorance False Dilemma Straw Man Begging the Question Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Mistaking Correlation for Causation REASONING ERRORS EXERCISE Read the following statements and decide what is wrong with them if anything A Andy Susan do you support religious education in schools Andy Oh you must be an atheist then Susan No I don t B We have to stop the tuition increase The next thing you know they ll be asking 50 000 a semester C Don t listen to what he has to say about the public spending after all he has never even finished high school D He is obviously the best presidential candidate he comes from a well educated family E 15000 buyers can t be wrong F Abortion is the killing of a human being and as such is murder Murder is illegal So abortion should be illegal rule consequentialism An act that is right iff it is in accord with that set of rules near the universal acceptance of which would make things go best from the book an action is right if and because it is permuted by a rule whose acceptance value is at least as high as the acceptance value of any other rule applying ti the situation DEONTLOLOGICAL THEORIES duty based ethical theories innocent Kantian Moral Theory Kant suggest the following principal of morality what he calls the categorial imperative Some actions are wrong or right in themselves regardless of the consequences Our moral obligations are not entirely tied with the consequences of our actions there are some more universal moral rules such as it is always wrong to kill people steal etc He supplies various formulations Here are two Formula of humanity the the same Act in such a way that you treat humanity weather in your own person or in person of any other never merely as a means to an end but always at time as an end Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction Formula of universal law Ethics of Prima Facie Duty According to Ross there are a series of prima facie duties including Fidelity Reparation Gratitude Non Male cence Harm prevention bene cence These prima facie duties do not reduce and others Virtue theory Virtue theorists understand the right in terms of the virtuous Roughly speaking Virtue theorists accept the following claim A virtuous agent is one who has the virtues Virtues are character traits that we have such as Virtuous contrasts with vices such as TEST IS ONLY ON WHAT WEVE LEARNED IN CLASS A WEEK BEFORE TEST STUDY GUIDE WITH THINGS THAT MAY BE ON TEST EXPLAIN AND GIVE EXAMPLE FOR GIVEN THEORIES SECOND HALF OF TEST WILL BE QUESTIONS RELATED TO EACH READING THE FIRST AMENDMENT Cowardice Crudeness Greed Dishonesty Injustice An action is wrong if and because it would not be performed by a virtuous agent Courage Kindness Temperance Honesty Justice EXPRESSIVE HARM Harm that derives from the kind of attitude expressed E G racist sexist etc in a ve Individual s liberty can be interfered with in order to prohibit individuals from offering others causing them shame discomfort embarrassment HATE SPEECH Language oral or written that expresses strong hatred contempt or intolerance for some social group particularly soil groups classi ed according to race ethnicity sexual orientation religion disability or nationality TB 749 Hate speech and ghting words SPEECH CODES Policy guide Clash freedom vs equality case study Doe vs University of Michigan 1989 The policy prohibited any behavior verbal or physical that stigmatizes or victimizes and individual on the basis of race ethnicity religion sex sexual orientation creed and that creates an intimidating hostile or demeaning environment for educational pursuits employment or participation in University sponsored extra curricular activities the guide provided examples of undesirable conduces including you exclude someone from a study group because that person is of a different race sec or ethnic origin than you are You display a confederate ag on the door of your room in tour residence hall You comment in a derogatory way about a particular person or groups physical appearance of social orientation or their cultural origins religious beliefs John Arthur Sticks and Stones Does hate speech cause harm
View Full Document
Unlocking...