Test 1 Notes Tu quoque Do not say lots of people believe this so its right The fallacy of majority belief The fallacy of common practice Deriving an ought from an is Ad Hominem Ad Hominem circumstantial Many people may be doing something but that does not make it right Hominem attacking their character Attacking their credibility Ad Hominem Circumstantial Attack their circumstances Do not Saying how things are and changing them to how things should be Appeal to authority Friend says you shouldn t text and drive I have seen you texting too listen to because he is You too so I can Einstein said bagels in space are good so it must be true Works if that person is an authority in the field that the authority is coming from If Einstein comments on language or English ect it is not creditable my view is true because says so Can acknowledge arguments and why you think they are good The bible says this so it is right Can have expert backing you up Slippery Slope Test 1 Notes Disagree by adding an extreme effect to that cause Extreme scenario The Perfectionist Fallacy Will not solve all problems but will solve some For something to be worth perusing it needs to provide all the No background checks because people will obtain them illegally anyways solutions Conflation of morality with legality False Dilemma Appeal to Ignorance What is moral and what is legal being rude to parents not illegal Just because its legal doesn t mean its moral If we are ignorant to something it doesn t exist No evidence for aliens therefore they don t exisit Giving someone only two options when there are many more options Either support all gun control or you don t at all Either you re with me or against me Install software laptop crashes crashed because of the software 2nd thing happened because of first thing Correlation does not equal causation Post Hoc A caused B before and after Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Mistaking Correlation for Causation Test 1 Notes Straw Man Mistaking happening at the same time In an actual argument you have to take their argument as they put forward and then deal with argument In straw man take their argument and exaggerate and make it less plausible and then attack that Begging the Question Circular reasoning Saying its true because its true Stating what you are trying to argue for as part of your argument At an interview employee says they need an extra reference Then you say contact Jill and she can vouch for me They ask how you know she s reliable because I put her down on my CB How do you know God exists Because the bible says so Paranormal experiences exist because I have had them You can point out fallacies in arguments Applied Ethics Normative Ethics The branch of ethics concerned with giving a general account of what is right and wrong A normal theory will fill this biconditional An action is right and wrong if Relativism a descriptive b prescriptive normative Some leading moral theories Consequentialism results based ethical theory Test 1 Notes An action is right if and only if and because its consequences would be at least as good as the consequences of any alternative action that the agent might instead preform We can determine rightness or wrongness of doing something by This means that no type of act is inherently wrong not even murder looking at the consequences caused by that act o Value based o Alternative actions o Comparative o Maximising o Impartial An impartial theory Must bring about better consequences than not doing that thing Utilianism see bentham mial maximizing happiness and welfare the rightness or wrongness of actions depends entirely on how they affect human welfare or happiness Conjunction of the following theses Consequentialism an action is right just in case it has the best consequences Hedonism pleasure is the only thing that is valuable Universalism the consequences for every being at every time are relevant Rule Consequentialism An act is right if it is in accord with that set of rules the near universal acceptance of which would make things go best From the book An action is right iff and because it is permitted by a rule whose acceptance value is at least as high as the acceptance value of any other rule applying to the situation Test 1 Notes Deontological Theories Duty based ethical theories Some actions are wrong or right in themselves regardless of the consequences Our moral obligations are not entirely tied with the consequences of our actions There are some universal moral rules such as it is always wrong to kill innocent people steal etc Kantian Moral Theory Kant suggest the following principle of morality what he calls the Categorical Imperative He supplies various formulations Here are two Formula of Humanity Act in such a way that you treat humanity whether in your own person or in the person of any other never merely as a means to an end but always at the same time as an end Formula of Universal Law Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will trust it should become a universal law without contradiction o 1 Formulate a general law o 2 Is it rational Wild west example hanging innocent person town wants it Utilitarian happiness of town more than happiness of one person Rule Consequentialism Sheriff should let innocent person go because overall everyone should act on the same rule Test 1 Notes Act Consequentialism if overall better kill innocent person Ethics of Prima Facie Duty According to Ross there are a series of prima facie duties including o Fidelity o Reparation o Gratitude o Non Maleficence o Harm prevention o Beneficence These prima facie duties do not reduce to any others Way each situation independently o No such one moral rule Virtue Theory speaking virtue theorists accept the following claim Virtue theorists understand the right in terms of the virtuous Roughly o An action is wrong iff and because it would not be performed A virtuous agent is one who has the virtues Virtues are character traits by a virtuous agent that we should have such as Virtues contrast with vices such as o Courage kindness temperance honesty justice o Cowardice Cruelness Greed Dishonesty Injustice Test Only things covered in class Divided into two sections One part will be different concepts to understand and you choose a certain number of concepts to explain in a paragraph Other part will be a question related to each reading Still on study guide Two or three paragraphs explaining Test 1 Notes Principles The First Amendment
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