UGC 112 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-17Lecture 10 (March 6, 2014)From Ming to Qing China1644—the Ming Dynasty collapsedThe “Son of Heaven”—Zhu Yijan, the Wanli emperor. He was secluded and began his rule at age 9.Had scant control over bureaucracy despite elaborate arrangementsMing emperors like this realized their lack of power. Wanli avoided any involvement with managing the realmTiming of the breakdown of the Ming government was unfortunate because expanding opportunities for trade led many people to circumvent official rulesRegulating trade with JapanInflux of silver (to China) from the New World and Japano At first it stimulated the economyo But eventually, silver led to severe economic and political dislocationso Soon exceeded domestic BUILLON production (bouillon is uncoined gold or silver)o Increased monetization of the economy—made silver the primary medium of exchangeo Silver’s primacy pressured peasants who now needed metal to pay their taxes and purchase goodsMarket fluctuations abroad Effect of blows to Asian trading system17th century—Ming administrative and economically collapse- Outlaw armies grew large under… leaders- Most famous rebel leader was Li Zicheng or the “dashing prince”- He seized Beijing easily- The emperor hanged himselfMANCHU-the Ming’s menacing neighbor.They ended up joining the Ming forces.Qing Asserts ControlManchus—small but powerful, name first used in 1635, they were descendants of the Jurchens. When their leader claimed title of khan they emerged as a forceThe Manchus defeated Li Zicheng. In charge of a large number of people compared to their small size. They kept it though! During the 18th century, the Manchu Qing (pure) dynasty got new territories, experienced population growth and sustained economic growth. Rulers had SHREWD and FLEXIBLE policies which was the key to expansionThey respected Confucian codes and ethics and kept the civil service exams . Family stayed bedrock of social organizationAt the same time that they were keeping all these things the same, the Qing dynasty showed their determination to display their own majesty and legitimacy.Chaste widows were praisedWomen were urged to lead virtuous lives serving males and kinManchu emperor represented himself as the worth upholder of familial valuesPage 510Manchus had easygoing religious attitudeManchu and Hans (pertained to Ming) were not allowed to marry each otherAll Han males had to shave their head and braid back: Manchu practiceQing banned female performers from court, young boys took female roles. They excluded women from the audience tooExpansion and trade: Tributary relations were forgedThey dealt a blow to Junghars by mid-18th centuryTrade and commerce flourished: exchanged textiles, ceramics, and medicine for spices and riceIn 1720, in Canton, a group of merchants formed a monopolistic guild to trade with Europeans seeking coveted Chinese goods and peddling their own wares. The Canton System—established by imperial decree in 1759 required European traders to have guild merchants act as sponsors for their good behavior and payment of fees. Like the Ming, they cared more about the agrarian portion of society rather than commercial.Prosperity. Europe still relied more heavily on China than the other way aroundTokugawa in JapanTokugawa Shogunate—regulated foreign intrusion. Japan played a modest role in the expansive global trade and it remained free of outside exploitation.Unification of Japan16th century—strifeDaimyos—regional ruling families had commanded private armies of warriors known as samurai.In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed the title of shogun (military ruler)He declared rulership would be hereditary and family would be the ruling household. This hereditary Tokugawa shogunate lasted until 1867Edo—this was the site of Ieyasu’s domain headquarters (later renamed Tokyo). Had a population of 150k by the time Ieyasu died- Villages paid taxes to the daimyos who transferred resources to the seat of shogunate authority. - The samurai became administrators and were no longer engaged in warfare constantly- Agriculture thrived with the peace and prosperity- Population grew from 10 million in 1550 to 16 million in 1600 and 30 million in 1700Japan had internal prosperity but still external troubles- Christian missionaries and European traders were a main concerno Realized Christians were intolerant of other religions. They attempted to ban ito Drove away the missionaries eventually- Lure of trade with Europeanso Trading at Jap ports would pull commercial regions in different directionso Only allowed Europeans to trade in ports under Edo’s direct rule in Honshuo Only Protestant Dutch won permission to remain in Japan confined to an islandThese measures did not close Tokugawa Japan to the outside world however. Trade with CHINA and KOREA flourished. Tokugawa Japan ruled over three islands. Was surrounded by vassals. Helped identify a distinct identity for those living on the inside. Russians approached Japan and tried to open relations but the Japanese dealt with them with a buffer zone and the Japanese annexed and began to colonize Ezo which eventually became Hokkaido (fourth main island of the country)This Tokugawa dynasty lasted well into the 19th centuryPermitted relations with Dutch, Chinese and Koreans; their island status protected them and kept them secure (as it had done with the Mongols)Lecture 11 (March 11, 2014) Transformations in EuropeSpain and Portugal lost ground to England and FranceMuscovy became the sprawling Russian EmpireCommercial centers shifted northwardExpansion and Dynastic Change in RussiaRussian Empire expanded to become the world’s largest ever state. Russia belonged to Europe AND Asia.Muscovy becomes the Russian Empire: Moscow(Muscovy) used commercial networks to consolidate a powerful state. It expanded to become a huge empire that spanned parts of Europe, much of northern Asia, North Pacific islands and corner of Alaska for a time.Russia emerged out of turmoil (like Japan)Three factors inspired the regime to seize territory:1. Security concerns2. Ambitions of private individuals3. Religious convictionIvan III added a religious dimension to his expansionist claims: he said that Moscow was the center of the Byzantine faith. Absolutist Government and SerfdomThe Romanovs created an absolutist system of government; only the tsar and his retinue had the right tomake war,