UGC 112 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 10 17 Lecture 10 March 6 2014 From Ming to Qing China 1644 the Ming Dynasty collapsed The Son of Heaven Zhu Yijan the Wanli emperor He was secluded and began his rule at age 9 Had scant control over bureaucracy despite elaborate arrangements Ming emperors like this realized their lack of power Wanli avoided any involvement with managing the realm Timing of the breakdown of the Ming government was unfortunate because expanding opportunities for trade led many people to circumvent official rules Regulating trade with Japan Influx of silver to China from the New World and Japan o o o o o At first it stimulated the economy But eventually silver led to severe economic and political dislocations Soon exceeded domestic BUILLON production bouillon is uncoined gold or silver Increased monetization of the economy made silver the primary medium of exchange Silver s primacy pressured peasants who now needed metal to pay their taxes and purchase goods Market fluctuations abroad Effect of blows to Asian trading system 17th century Ming administrative and economically collapse Outlaw armies grew large under leaders Most famous rebel leader was Li Zicheng or the dashing prince He seized Beijing easily The emperor hanged himself MANCHU the Ming s menacing neighbor They ended up joining the Ming forces Qing Asserts Control Manchus small but powerful name first used in 1635 they were descendants of the Jurchens When their leader claimed title of khan they emerged as a force The Manchus defeated Li Zicheng In charge of a large number of people compared to their small size They kept it though During the 18th century the Manchu Qing pure dynasty got new territories experienced population growth and sustained economic growth Rulers had SHREWD and FLEXIBLE policies which was the key to expansion They respected Confucian codes and ethics and kept the civil service exams Family stayed bedrock of social organization At the same time that they were keeping all these things the same the Qing dynasty showed their determination to display their own majesty and legitimacy Chaste widows were praised Women were urged to lead virtuous lives serving males and kin Manchu emperor represented himself as the worth upholder of familial values Page 510 Manchus had easygoing religious attitude Manchu and Hans pertained to Ming were not allowed to marry each other All Han males had to shave their head and braid back Manchu practice Qing banned female performers from court young boys took female roles They excluded women from the audience too Expansion and trade Tributary relations were forged They dealt a blow to Junghars by mid 18 th century Trade and commerce flourished exchanged textiles ceramics and medicine for spices and rice In 1720 in Canton a group of merchants formed a monopolistic guild to trade with Europeans seeking coveted Chinese goods and peddling their own wares The Canton System established by imperial decree in 1759 required European traders to have guild merchants act as sponsors for their good behavior and payment of fees Like the Ming they cared more about the agrarian portion of society rather than commercial Prosperity Europe still relied more heavily on China than the other way around Tokugawa in Japan Tokugawa Shogunate regulated foreign intrusion Japan played a modest role in the expansive global trade and it remained free of outside exploitation Unification of Japan 16th century strife Daimyos regional ruling families had commanded private armies of warriors known as samurai In 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed the title of shogun military ruler He declared rulership would be hereditary and family would be the ruling household This hereditary Tokugawa shogunate lasted until 1867 Edo this was the site of Ieyasu s domain headquarters later renamed Tokyo Had a population of 150k by the time Ieyasu died Villages paid taxes to the daimyos who transferred resources to the seat of shogunate authority The samurai became administrators and were no longer engaged in warfare constantly Agriculture thrived with the peace and prosperity Population grew from 10 million in 1550 to 16 million in 1600 and 30 million in 1700 Japan had internal prosperity but still external troubles Christian missionaries and European traders were a main concern o Realized Christians were intolerant of other religions They attempted to ban it o Drove away the missionaries eventually Lure of trade with Europeans o Trading at Jap ports would pull commercial regions in different directions o Only allowed Europeans to trade in ports under Edo s direct rule in Honshu o Only Protestant Dutch won permission to remain in Japan confined to an island These measures did not close Tokugawa Japan to the outside world however Trade with CHINA and KOREA flourished Tokugawa Japan ruled over three islands Was surrounded by vassals Helped identify a distinct identity for those living on the inside Russians approached Japan and tried to open relations but the Japanese dealt with them with a buffer zone and the Japanese annexed and began to colonize Ezo which eventually became Hokkaido fourth main island of the country This Tokugawa dynasty lasted well into the 19 th century Permitted relations with Dutch Chinese and Koreans their island status protected them and kept them secure as it had done with the Mongols Lecture 11 March 11 2014 Transformations in Europe Spain and Portugal lost ground to England and France Muscovy became the sprawling Russian Empire Commercial centers shifted northward Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia Russian Empire expanded to become the world s largest ever state Russia belonged to Europe AND Asia Muscovy becomes the Russian Empire Moscow Muscovy used commercial networks to consolidate a powerful state It expanded to become a huge empire that spanned parts of Europe much of northern Asia North Pacific islands and corner of Alaska for a time Russia emerged out of turmoil like Japan Three factors inspired the regime to seize territory 1 Security concerns 2 Ambitions of private individuals 3 Religious conviction Ivan III added a religious dimension to his expansionist claims he said that Moscow was the center of the Byzantine faith Absolutist Government and Serfdom The Romanovs created an absolutist system of government only the tsar and his retinue had the right to make war tax judge and coin money They also made the nobles serve as state officials The peasantry of this time