Abigail Lewis Game of Science Philosophy engage in systematic thinking to find the causes of per sons Relationalism the belief that all true knowledge comes through the use of logic and reason alone Empiricism the belief that all true knowledge comes through experi ence Be logical and rational about evidence Science seeing is believing All scientists are unofficial citizens of Missouri the show me state Social Sciences causes of persons through scientific method Methods like natural sciences commitment to empiricism Difference between social and natural focus on concerns What is the cause of some Biology what is the cause of life Chemistry what is the cause of the physical materials in the world Meteorology what is the cause of the rain Geology what is the cause of rocks oil Physics what is the cause of the universe small and huge Social and Natural science believe in seeing is believing Humanities are like social sciences in their concerns aspect of NATURE not the person Philosophy Religious Studies Literature great novels ask what is the cause of the person uses imagination and The Social Sciences are in between the social sciences and the hu manities towards methods of science and concerns of humanities Not more important creativity In science the name of the game is causality Causality all scientists are committed to Determinism the belief Game formalized kinds of empiricism Committed to Empiricism that everything is determined learning to play games define cause and effect The best game is the experiment highly structured experience de signed to isolate cause and effect relationships Basically the ex periment is the perfect marriage of determinism and empiricism Creates knowledge All experiments begin with a phenomenon that which reveals it self Scientists are human beings become interested in some thing begin with human interests Then formulate a hypothesis a tentative explanation of a phenom enon just trying to explain things Abigail Lewis How are philosophers both like and unlike psychologists They are both trying to discover the cause of a person Philosophy is a system of thinking while psychologists think that seeing is believing and rely heavily on sensory evidence such as hearing smelling tasting etc What is rationalism the belief that all true knowledge comes through the use of logic and reason alone What is empiricism The belief that all true knowledge comes through experience be logical and rational about evidence How might the social sciences be placed in the context of other disciplines in terms of methods and concerns Social sciences are like natural sciences we are committed to the idea that seeing is be lieving What are the natural sciences What are some of the disciplines in the natural sci ences and what questions do they ask They focus on the causes of some aspect of nature not the person Biology what is the cause of life Chemistry what is the cause of the physical materials in the world Meteorology what is the cause of the rain Geology what is the cause of rocks oil Physics what is the cause of the universe small and huge What are the humanities What are some disciplines in the humanities and how might they be like psychology humanities are like social sciences in their concerns philosophy religious studies use systematic uses of text literature ask the question what is a person but use methods of creativity and imagination In class we said In science the name of the game is causality How does this statement point out two fundamental philosophical assumptions of science It points out the two fundamental philosophical assumptions of determinism and empiri cism Determinism causality all scientists are committed to the belief that everything is de termined caused Empiricism game using experience and learning to play the game of science What is determinism The belief that everything is determined How can empiricism be related to the idea that in science the name of the game is causality the game is a formalized kind of empiricism discovering something through an expe rience game Abigail Lewis Which particular scientific method do psychologists prefer to use the experiment How might the experiment be defined How might that definition be related to two philosophical assumptions of science The experiment is a highly structured experience designed to isolate cause and effect relationships Basically the experiment is the perfect marriage of determinism and empiricism Creates knowledge The Experiment Experiment a highly structured experience designed to isolate cause and effect relationship All experiments begin with a Phenomenon that which reveals itself Scientists are human beings become interested in something be gin with human interests Then formulate a Hypothesis a tentative explanation of a phenome non just trying to explain things A presumed relationship be tween variables Ex violent television programming is causing more violence in to day s society Any adequate experiment must have at least 2 groups An Experimental Hypothesis a presumed relationship between a cause and an effect Experiment always has 2 variables Independent Variable the variable that the researcher manipu lates The presumed cause of the experimental hypothesis Dependent Variable the variable that the researcher measures The presumed effect of the experimental hypothesis Experimental Group the group that receives the independent vari able of interest Control Group a comparison group as much like the experimental group as possible except it does NOT receive the independent variable of interest can now show the underlying logic of the experiment Same Different if they re the same entering and one is dif ferent the hypothesis is right If they start the same and end the same the hypothesis is incorrect Confounding Variable an uncontrolled variable that is systematically linked tied to to the independent variable There are an infinite number of confounding variables One experiment proves nothing Abigail Lewis Replication redo an experiment over and over again There are limitations Practical Limitations may not be possible such as giving peo ple a million each Ethical Limitations not ethically acceptable can t take away all peoples money to see about poverty Other kind explore cause and effect without saying anything definite everything the correlation Questions What is a phenomenon that which reveals itself find it interesting What is a hypothesis a tentative explanation of a phenomenon a