Chapter 12 Public Speaking Developing the Message Sources of Information Primary sources of information sources that represent the original reports of the observations or research information is direct or first hand o Examples scholar who conducted the research is the one writing the article presentation about a speaker s person experience and a book written about the author s experience Secondary sources of information sources that report but did not originate the observations or research o Examples story that quotes someone s speech or summarizes it Types of sources of information o Books journals government publications special interest group publications non print media interviews o Magazines o Newspapers o Indexes o Wikis Designed to provide recent information quickly Becoming rarer and rarer in paper form Examples encyclopedias atlases and bibliographical guides Internet sites that offer free information that can be added edited deleted example is Wikipedia o Computer searches Internet is the most popular source for research information Computer based retrieval system electronic database which allows researcher to retrieve content from subscription periodicals other types of reference works and publications o Record your research by using quotations and paraphrasing Supporting Material Supporting speech material should clarify a point you are making in the speech or other evidence of the validity of the argument presented o Should be simple unexpected concrete credible emotional and story Stories most interesting form of supporting material can be hypothetical or factual and should be used as illustrations to explain clarify and gain attention Specific instances condensed examples that are used to clarify or prove points Expositions gives listeners the necessary background information so they can understand the material being presented o Examples define specific terms give history explain relationship Statistics any collection of numerical information arranged as representations trends or theories o Statistical surveying random sampling that allow less than the entire to be surveyed and can just show a general assumption of what s likely Reliability each time the test is run Validity process followed is correct Analogies clarify a concept for listeners by comparing an unfamiliar concept to a familiar one listeners have to be familiar with the object idea used as basis Testimony direct quotation actual statement or a paraphrase reworded idea from an authority used to clarify ideas back up contentions and reinforce concept o Expert person who gains respect for his her opinions and has been deemed an expert through personal experience education training etc Techniques for Presenting Supporting Material Internal summaries short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave before proceeding to the next segment Forecasting statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming get ready Signposting speaker reviews where the listeners have been states where they are presently and forecasts where they are going o Recapping what has been presented telling where the speech is now going Supplementary speech aids audio visual audiovisual and computerized valuable in augmenting the oral segments of the presentation o Aids are intended to help facilitate listener understanding Visual aids appeal to our sense of sight Examples real objects models pictures charts cutaways mockups charts graphics Audio aids appeal to our sense of hearing Examples tape recordings and CDs Audiovisual aids combine the dimensions of sight and sound Examples films video tapes tape slide presentations Presentation software multimedia messages that stimulate the visual and auditory senses since it provides speakers with opportunity to outline a speech create slides with or without information import visual graphics photos video or audio clips and Internet connections
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