BSCI330 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Lecture 1 Commonalities to all cells o CAREERS G Complex and organized Acquisition and use of energy Reproduction Engage in mechanical activities motor proteins moving chromosomes around in cell Evolution occurring at the level of molecules themselves always subject to evolution and natural selection Respond to self Self Regulation Genetic Programming How evolution occurs in the cell Mutations in somatic cells non reproductive and wont be passed on Germ line mutations important because passed on Accident in DNA Duplication of genes because transposable elements Genes themselves can mutate One stays the same while the other mutates divergence Duplication divergence new functionalities added How gene families arise from gene duplication Related genes but different functions o Accident in DNA then duplication of genes bc transposable elements o Genes mutate themselves one stays same and other mutates DIVERGENCE o Series of duplication and divergence with nw functionalities added GENE FAMILIES Related genes different functions Lecture 2 How we visualize cells o Strengths and weaknesses important to know o Light microscopy Can view live cells Not high resolution light limiting factor o Electron microscopy More detail than light Requires special cell preservation and staining Need to be thinly sliced for observation All of which kill the cell infused with heavy metals o SEM 3D images of EXTERNAL surfaces of sample staining but no Scanning electron microscopy sectioning o TEM Transmission electron microscopy Images INTERNAL structures with high resolution ribosomes etc Live cells analyzed in RT aq stream as pass through laser Fl labels measure cellular levels of specific biomolecules and o Flow Cytometry ions Computer collects fl data color intensity and laser scatter reflecting size shape cells sorted based on expression levels o Phase contrast and differential interference contrast DIC Take advantage of light as pass through cell Live unmanipulated cells but limited detail o Staining cells Chemical dyes show structural details selectively absorbing specific wavelengths o Fl microscopy Limited by fl coming out of focus parts of cells Absorb light at one wavelength emit at another Emit at longer wavelength o FRET o TIRF Flourescence resonance energy transfer 2 fl proteins where excitation energy matches if two are very close together exciting one will allow protein 2 to fluoresce Total interference relfection fl Laser light reflected off coverslip o Differential refractiveness of substrates o Excited molecules show sample o Confocal Microscopy Creation of optical section much better resolution Scanning laser and pinhole apertures limit detection to focal plane Constructs 3D image Lecture 3 Basic biomolecules building blocks for all things cellular o Sugars polysaccharides Energy storage and structural support Carbs come from sugars highly polar CAN BE ADDED TO OTHER MOLECULES FOR RECOGNITION COMPONENTS Glycosidic bonds Positions of OH groups attached to each carbon either o Up beta above plane of ring o Down alpha below plane of ring o Linages made form left to right o Carbons numbered clockwise from oxygen in o Fatty acids fats lipids membranes ring Usually linked to glycerol energy storage membrane assembly Charged or uncharged depending on head group Amphipathic Non polar tail highly polar head Allows assemble into membranes All lipids overall are highly polar Building of membranes that separates cells into different compartments o Amino acids proteins Work horses of cell building blocks of proteins Metabolized for energy Charged positive and negative side groups affect functions Chemical nature varies by R group Acidic Aspartate and Glutamate Basic Lysine POSTIVIE CHARGE Arginine Histidine VALINE IS NON POLAR o Nucleotides nucleic acids Info storage and short term energy storage Highly polar and charged molecules Lost of negative charge because of phosphate groups on the length of NA Hydrophobic bases contribute to base pairing double helical structure of DNA so bases want to be on the interior and phosphate sugar backbone on exterior Bases can H bond to each other Nucleotides important for SHORT term energy transfer Important for information storage molecules Lecture 4 Cell wall o Know basic structure components what do o Cellulose plant cell wall tensile strength o Pectin plant cell wall resistance to compression Lecture 5 Nuclear Structure o Eukaryotes defined by presence of true euk nucleus o Nucleus bounded by double membrane two lipid layers that communicate with cytoplasm via nuclear pores Nucleus genetic material of DNA Membrane supported by fibrous nuclear lamina Nucleolus site of ribosome assembly Separated domains by dynamic membranes Transport of molecules into and out of nucleus o Macromolecules nuclear pores larger molecules active transport Composed of nuceloporin proteins o Small ions and molecules can diffuse freely Structure of Chromatin o DNA in nucleus divided into chromosomes o Each chromosome single long strand DNA chromatin Structure to condense linear molecules to fit in nucleus Highly dynamic structure changes regulate gene expression DNA regulation cell division o Basic unit of chromatin nucleosome 150 nucleotides wound around core of histone proteins looks like beads on string when stretched out between beads is short stretch LINKER DNA How DNA gets packaged into cell o linker histone H1 will help bind outside each nucleosome to condense chromatin during interphase When packaged tightly no access point for transcriptional material so it has to be unpacked before then o Heterochromatin highly condensed DNA resistant to gene o Euchromatin less condensed and remains accessible to RNA expression transcription material o Chromatin structure can be regulated by covalent modifications to histone tails Methylation to make compact Lecture 6 Major organelles o ER modification and maturation of proteins Extends through cytoplasm of cell Rough ER bound ribosomes Synthesis of transmebrane and secreted proteins Smooth lacks attached ribosomes Lipid synthesis Detoxification of lipid soluble cmpds Ribosomes are non membranous organelles o Protein synthesizers Golgi apparatus o Post office sorting center for proteins and membranes o Finalizes protein modification Mitochondria o Major energy production organelles Responsible for oxidative metabolism of carbs lipids and amino acids Calcium storage Regulation of cell death Lecture 7 Central Dogma o
View Full Document
Unlocking...