BSCI 330 Cell Biology and PhysiologySlide 2Slide 3Course InformationSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8History of Cell BiologySlide 1017th through 19th CenturiesCell TheoryOther Advances in MicroscopyCell Biology TodayCell TypesUniversal Cell CharacteristicsSlide 17Cell DiversityProkaryotic CellsStructure of Prokaryotic CellsBacterial MorphologyArchaebacteriaEukaryotic CellsSlide 24“Typical” Animal CellAnimal CellSlide 27“Typical” Plant CellPlant CellSlide 30Model OrganismsVirusesVirus MorphologyBSCI 330 Cell Biology and PhysiologySummer 2011123Course Information•Dr. Julian Jenkins III–3263 Biology-Psychology Building–Office hours: by appointment•Teaching Assistants–Frank Fogarty–Arun Amble (Lab Coordinator)•contact: via Blackboard4Course Information•Blackboard–https://elms.umd.edu•Bookmark it•Check every day•Announcements•Email•Textbook–Molecular Biology of the Cell–5th Edition–Alberts, et al.–Garland Science–ISBN: 0-8153-4105-95Course Information•Exams–Exam 1: Thursday, July 21, 2011(150 pts)–Exam 2: Thursday August 4, 2011 (150 pts)–Final Exam: August 18, 2011 (200 pts) –NOTE: the Final Exam will be comprehensive•Grades–No curve6Course Information•Attendance policy–Lecture: none–Lab: mandatory•MUST attend assigned section•missing three labs for ANY REASON results in failure of the ENTIRE COURSE•all absences must be documented; only University-sanctioned excuses will be accepted7Course Information•Laboratory: start July 12–Manual: On Blackboard–Notebook required for data collection and final grade–Attendance/late policy: see syllabus–Schedule and assignments: see syllabus8History of Cell Biology9History of Cell Biology•Parallels development of microscope•First microscopes developed in 1595 - Janssen•1665: Robert Hooke firstto look at a “cell”–Looked at cork (non-living plant tissue)–Named structures “cells”• 1670-80s: Anton van Leeuwenhoek–Protozoa, bacteria, muscle fibers, blood flow1017th through 19th Centuries•by mid-19th century, microscopes improved•1838-1855: Cell theory formulated–Matthia Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow: German biologists–at the time a revolutionary idea–today basic theme in all areas of biology11Cell Theory•all living organisms are composed of one or more cells•the cell is the functional unit of life (capable of maintaining independent existence)•all cells arise from pre-existing cells12Other Advances in Microscopy•1833: Nucleus described by Robert Brown•1857: Mitochondria described in muscle cells by Rudolf Kolliker•1879: Chromosomes described in mitosis•1898: Camillo Golgi apparatus described using silver nitrate stain•1931 Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll build first transmission electron microscope•1965 First commercial scanning electron microscope13Cell Biology Today•merges three areas:•microscopy: study of cell structure and ultrastructure with light and electron microscopes•biochemistry: study of the chemical structure and reactions of living organisms•genetics: study of inheritance and how traits are expressed in cells14Cell Types•two basic types of cells–prokaryotic cells•“primitive” cells•lack an organized nucleus•lack membrane-bound organelles–eukaryotic cells•advanced cell types•true nucleus•many membrane-bound organelles15Universal Cell Characteristics•most basic property: life•store hereditary information–DNA–identical code in all cells–information decoded by RNA–information translated into protein•proteins synthesized by ribosomes16Universal Cell Characteristics•acquisition and use of energy–maintain internal environment (homeostasis)–drive synthesis of components–chemical reactions–mechanical activities•self-regulating•capable of reproduction•all cells evolve17Cell Diversity•genomic–diversity of habitat–genome reflects environment•energy sources–phototrophs: bacteria, algae, plants; responsible for atmosphere–organotrophs: animals, fungi, symbiotic bacteria–lithotrophs: extremeophiles•aerobic vs. anaerobic•Nitrogen, Carbon fixation18Prokaryotic Cells•include archaea (archaebacteria) and bacteria (eubacteria) •no nucleus•no membrane-bound organelles•small size–1-2 micrometers (m)19Structure of Prokaryotic Cells•cell wall–may have capsule–may have flagella–may have pili•plasma membrane•cytosol •cytoplasm with ribosomes•bacterial chromosome•some internal membranes20Bacterial Morphology21Archaebacteria•many exist in “extreme” environments–methane producers–halophiles–acidophiles–thermophiles•diverged from eubacteria early in the evolution of life•more closely related to eukaryotes22Eukaryotic Cells•true membrane-bound nucleus•compartmentalized with membrane-bound organelles•typically 10-20 m in size or larger•amazing diversity in form23Eukaryotic Cells24“Typical” Animal Cell25Animal Cell•Plasma membrane – regulates passage of materials into and out of cell•Nucleus – control center of cell, directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction•Nucleolus – ribosome formation•Ribosomes – protein synthesis•Endoplasmic reticulum – transport and synthesis of proteins (rough ER)26Animal Cell•Golgi apparatus – processing and packaging of proteins, secretion•Mitochondrion – cellular respiration•Lysosomes – intracellular digestion•Cytoskeleton – cell support and shape–Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments27“Typical” Plant Cell28Plant Cell•Cell wall – support and protection•Plasma membrane – regulates passage of materials into and out of cell•Nucleus – control center of cell, directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction•Nucleolus – ribosome formation•Endoplasmic reticulum – Transport and synthesis of proteins (rough ER)29Plant Cell•Golgi apparatus – processing and packaging of proteins, secretion•Mitochondrion – cellular respiration•Chloroplast – photosynthesis•Central vacuole – storage of various substances•Lysosomes – intracellular digestion•Cytoskeleton – cell support and shape30Model Organisms•Bacteria–Escherichia coli•Cell Culture System–HeLa cells•Yeast–Saccharomyces cerevisae•Fruit Fly–Drosophila melanogaster•Nematode–Caenorhabditis elegans•Plant–Arabidopsis thaliana•Mammal–Mus musculus31Viruses•viruses consist of a protein coat
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