EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE covers chapters 8 9 10 11 Star Wars Arcom video game Mark Hamill is Luke Skywalker and the voice of the Joker Red Hood became the joker Ex a researcher goes in and learns about prison culture but the prisoners already know that it s common sense to them He says his origins are multiple choice Fell into acid running away from batman Modern ethnography what is it o Subject s point of view o Moving from observations to meaning Observations to meaning of behavior o Study of common sense knowledge o More involved field study o Cultural immersion o Can occur over years Commonalities among qualitative methods o Context is important Social meaning can be distorted Same behavior different meanings Ex hand gestures o Case studies Small number of cases Wide range of information Overwhelming amount of data Look for patterns in lives actions words etc Grounded theory o Start with general research question o Open to change o Theory evolves through observations Meshes theory and data Qualitative paradigms o Grounded theory o Naturalism o Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology what is it o Reality is socially constructed Everyone interprets reality differently o Must make sense of interpretations Ex Josh s interpretation of the Doberman breed Naturalism what is it o Social reality is out there we have to find it We can t just sit in an office and read books about it o Mostly descriptive 4 research strategies of qualitative research o Case studies o Field studies Very specific to an individual Conducted in the field Organization Community School Family Observation of interaction o Ethnography More involved field study Cultural immersion Can occur over years o Case history Reconstruction of a past event How or why did an event occur Sources of data Archived documents Personal accounts Interviews Ex 9 11 attacks Looked at texts from people on the plane interviewed people who escaped and people who stayed took surveillance videos from store fronts Different roles of observing in qualitative research o Full participants Generally participate in what they study Seen as a participant not a researcher Ex you are interested in drug use You smoke with your friends while observing to be a pot smoker with them They think you are just engaging with them not researching Threat of going native is the highest o Participants as observer o Observer as participant Participates with the group but makes it known he is researching People know you are a researcher You do not partake in the activity you are just observing o Complete observer Do not participate or interact with subjects Only observing Threat of going native is the smallest Huge threat to validity Sponsors informants o Sponsor someone who can speak on your behalf o Informant someone who can lead you to the population you are looking for o Sponsors and informants are a way to gain access to subcultures and organizations specifically criminal subcultures o These people can introduce you to the population of interest o Problem you could stand out and scare attract criminals Validity concerns with qualitative research o Hawthorne effect participants try to please sabotage Social desirability social desirability bias o Loss of trust o Emotional involvement Can start to see researcher as a friend Participant doesn t like the researcher o Halo effect Peoples attractiveness personality can affect how someone treats them Ex I really like their hair they must have a type A personality Leads to overgeneralization o Going native What are the guidelines for taking good field notes o Be empirical observations you see o Guidelines Don t trust your memory Take notes while you re observing Take noted as soon as you can Take sketchy notes Don t write every word or detail Write key words and phrases that act as memory triggers Write down everything you can remember Going native what does this mean o A researcher loses their objectivity o They identify with their subjects o Ex undercover cops may begin to identify with the mob boss instead of their Published statistics look at AGGREGATED PATTERNS not individual behavior job Different types of agency records o Published statistics Published by Census Bureau FBI and the Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS among others Focus on aggregates Advantage readily available Disadvantage validity issues messages communication o Manifest content o Latent content o Nonpublic agency records collected for internal use Much more detailed information compared to published statistics Example juvenile court records child abuse delinquency and adult arrests o New data collected by agency staff for specific research purposes Hybrid source of data in which criminal justice agency staff collect info for specific research purposes Advantages Costs less more control Disadvantages Need CJ agencies to cooperate with you Content analysis o Content analysis the systematic study of messages and the meaning of those o Possible artifacts for content analysis could include virtually any form of The concrete terms contained in a communication Secondary data Describes the underlying meaning of communications o Different ways reliability in content analysis can be easily tested Two people code the same message and then computing the proportion of items coded the same Test retest method one person codes the same message twice o Secondary analysis whenever you examine data collected by other researchers i e data collected by official CJ agencies o Very popular tool among researchers some do exclusively secondary analysis and never collect original data o Advantages cheap and quick o Disadvantages validity issues the data you use may not be appropriate for your research question less useful for evaluation studies Reliability and validity issues with secondary data o Key problem with validity When one researcher collects data for one particular purpose you have no assurance that those data will be appropriate to your research interests Principles of effective intervention o The risk principle Focuses of who we should target for intervention programs Should target high risk offenders they are more mendable to change Could worsen recidivism rates by choosing the wrong target Dynamic and static risk factors o The needs principle changeable outcome Focuses on what we should target we should target dynamic i e The more criminogenic risk factors that are changed the better the The more factors that are changed the better the outcome Should tailor programs
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