CHAPTER 11 INTERPRETING DATA1. Empirical research usually uses some type of ____analysis.a. Statistical 2. Empirical research is first and foremost a ___rather than a ___operationa. Logical; mathematical3. ____statistics are used to summarize and otherwise describe date in manageable forms.a. Descriptive4. Descriptive statistics are used to ___data under study.a. Summarize 5. ___statistics help researchers form conclusions from their observations; typically that involves forming conclusions about a population from the study of a sample drawn from it.a. Inferential 6. Inferential statistics allow researchers to use __ to make ___ about populations.a. Sample data; statements 7. What is the purpose of Univariate analysis?a. To DESCRIBE8. What is the purpose of bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis?a. To EXPLAIN9. What is a type of univariate description?a. Frequency distribution10. What are types of measures of central tendency?a. Mean; median; mode11. Descriptive statistics represent a method for presenting ____descriptions in a manageable form.a. Quantitative 12. The simplest statistics describe some type of average and dispersion for a single variable known as ____analysis.a. Univariate 13. ____analysis refers to descriptions of two variables, and ___analysis examines relationships among three or more variables.a. Bivariate analysis; multivariate analysis 14. ____analysis explain subjects’ scores on one variable by referencing their scores on another variable.a. Bivariate 15. In a ___, the values of the dependent variable depend on the values of the independent variable.a. Contingency table 16. What are the 3 steps in constructing a contingency table? a. 1. Divide cases into groups based on IV and make a column for each group.b. 2. Make a row for each possible score on the DV.c. 3. Enter the percentage of cases in each column that fall in each row.17. How do you read a contingency table?a. Take ROW (score of the DV) and compare % of different IV groups in that ROW18. Researchers can assess the ___ because the causes must be associated with their effects.a. Statistical conclusion validity 19. In your sample, X and Y may be associated by CHANGE because of what?a. Sampling error 20. The ___distribution is a description of the number of times the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample. a. Frequency21. Measures of ___ are statistical measures that express how observations are clustered in a distribution.a. Central tendency22. Measure of central tendency ___data to an easily manageable form, but they do not covey the ___ of the original data.a. Reduce; details 23. The ___ is the most frequent attribute, either grouped or ungrouped.a. Mode24. The arithmetic ___ is the sum of values for all observations, divided by the number of observations. a. Mean25. The ____is the middle attribute in the ranked distribution of observed attributes.a. Median26. ___is the distribution of values around some central values, such as an average.a. Dispersion27. What are the types of measures of dispersion?a. Rangeb. Standard deviation 28. Measures of dispersive give a summary indication of the ___of cases around an ___value.a. Distribution; average 29. The simplest measure of dispersion is the ___: the distance separating the highest from the lowest values.a. Range30. When describing the range, the bigger the number, the more ___.a. Variability 31. ___ can be described as the average amount of variation about the mean.a. Standard deviation32. If the numbers (scores) are more spread out you would have a ___standard deviation meaning you would have more__.a. Larger; variability 33. The standard deviation measure of dispersion is based on the ___Deviations from the mean.a. Squared. 34. The sum of squared deviations from the mean divided by the number of cases is called the ___.a. Variance 35. Taking the square root of the ___produces the standard deviation.a. Variance 36. When the numerical value of the standard deviation is high and that for the mean is low, the ___is not a good measure of central tendency.a. Mean 37. Medians should be calculated for only ___data. Means should be calculated for only __data.a. Interval; ratio38. If the variable in question is gender what are appropriate measures to use?a. Raw numbers or percentage marginal 39. ___are descriptive statistics that standardize some measure for comparative purposes.a. Rates 40. When must researchers standardize measures in order to draw comparisons?a. When population sizes differ 41. What is the purpose of subgroup descriptions?a. Comparative to imply some causal connections 42. If the table is percentaged down, read ___. If the table is percentaged across, read ___. a. Across; down 43. ___analysis is a method of analyzing the simultaneous relationships among several variables and may be used to more fully understand the relationship between two variables.a. Multivariate44. When we generalize from samples to larger populations, we use ____statistics to test the significance of an observed relationship.a. Inferential45. ___statistics are used to estimate the generalizability of findings arrived at in the analysis of a sample to the larger population from which the sample has been selected.a. Inferential 46. Inferences about a characteristic of a population must contain what two things?a. Confidence interval: range within which the value is expected to beb. Confidence level: likelihood that the values does actually fall within the range 47. During inferential statistics, the ___must be drawn from the population about which inferences are being made; it must assume ____sampling; apply to ____only.a. Sample; simple random; sampling error 48. ______estimate the likelihood that an association as large as the observed one could result from normal sampling error if no such association exists between the variables in the larger population. a. Tests of statistical significance 49. The ____is the unlikeliness that relationships observed in a sample could be attributed to sampling error alone.a. Statistical significance50. The statistical significance of a relationship observed in a set of sample data, then, is always expressed in terms of ___.a. Probabilities 51. 0.05 level of P= the probability of a relationship as strong as the observed one being attributable to sampling error alone is no more than ___i. .05= 5 in 100 ii. 0.01 = 1 in 100iii. .001 = 1 in 1,00052. ___significance means that an observed association is strong,
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