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Exam 1 Review Sheet Chapters 1 4 Introduction Chapter 1 Ways of knowing Media news internet television social networking music movies books documentaries Friends parents teachers professors employment religion tradition authority Halo effect respect for an authority figure reliable because of who they are personal experience overgeneralization an error in reasoning occurs when we conclude that what we have observed or what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases selective inaccurate observation choosing to look only at things that align with our preferences or beliefs premature closure illogical reasoning assumptions resistance to change reasons when we prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid the reluctance to change our ideas in light of new information may occur for several ego based commitments making statements about the social world that conform to our own needs rather than to the observable facts excessive devotion to tradition distorting our observations or altering our reasoning so that we can maintain beliefs that were good enough for my grandfather so they re good enough for me hinders our ability to accept new findings and develop new knowledge uncritical agreement with authority accepting the beliefs or those in position of authority without question not allowing new discoveries to call our beliefs into question with cause our understanding of society to remain limited Why do research answer practical questions make informed decisions make money change society expand knowledge base purpose of a study exploratory seeks to find out how people get along in the setting under question what meanings they give to their actions and what issues concern them goal answer the question what is going on here pilot study to make sure what we want to do is feasible descriptive defining and describing social phenomena of interest studying patterns and trends explanatory testing a proposed explanation seeks to identify causes and effects of social phenomena to predict how one phenomenon will change or vary in response to variation in some other phenomenon goal answer the question why evaluation seeks to determine the effects of a social program or other types of intervention basic research types of research methods experimental approach surveys questionnaires participant observation intensive interviewing secondary data analysis reanalysis of already existing data content analysis crime mapping examining the relationship between criminal behavior and geographical space Theory Chapter 2 inductive deductive inductive begins with strong evidence moves towards a probable truth based on the evidence given deductive begins with an abstract logical relationship moves towards concrete evidence micro macro micro macro typically deals with individuals and small groups deals with larger aggregates such as states counties and neighborhoods compositional effect bad area more crime quantitative qualitative quantitative deductive methods such as surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount Data that are treated as quantitative are iether numbers or attributes that can be ordered in terms of magnitude qualitative inductive methods such as participant observation intensive interviewing and focus groups that are designed to capture social life as participants experience it rather than in categories predetermined by the researcher Data that are treated as qualitative are mostly written or spoken words or observations that do not have a direct numerical interpretation falsifiable an inherent possibility to prove a statement theory or hypothesis to be false nomothetic idiographic models of explanation nomothetic identify the most important factors parsimonious the simpler the better inherently probabilistic idiographic exhaustive list of all potential causes not commonly used by criminologists Formal vs Substantive theory formal theory general theory developed for a broad conceptual area e g deviance socialization power compare cases within the same formal area e g to study crime you could examine various forms of crime without paying too much attention to the details of each substantive theory developed for a reason specific area of concern e g delinquent gangs racial discrimination immigrant communities examine cases within the same substantive area more specific hypothesis a tentative statement about empirical reality involving a relationship between 2 or more variables paradigms Positivism associated with Auguste Comte looking for the reality approach of the natural sciences believes there are social laws identify these laws and predict behavior goal is too discover and document laws there is only one truth value free research Interpretivism associated with George H Mead reality is socially constructed emphasizes subjective understandings analysis through direct observation study how people create and maintain their social worlds studied through interaction Critical associated with Karl Marx positivism and interpretivism ignore social context interaction revolved around power research should identify the use of power as control failure to take in power leads to incomplete analysis interested in power differential manifest and latent purpose manifest function known purpose of the function latent function underlying consequence of the same function Ethics Chapter 3 confidentiality vs anonymity confidentiality researcher knows who is giving responses but wont tell others will not disclose identity anonymity researcher does not know who is reporting sometimes hard to convince people about the anonymity phone surveys cannot identify subject participants are more likely to participate and be honest if they believe it is sometimes you ll let them know you are a researcher but not be completely honest about what kind of research you are doing anonymous deception IRB Institutional Review Board review experiment proposals informed consent to be informed consent it must be given by the persons who are competent to consent can consent voluntarily are fully informed about the research and comprehend what they have been told obtaining informed consent creates additional challenges for the researcher everything in the consent form must be clear and understandable yet sufficiently long and detailed to explain what will actually happen Laud Humphrey s Tea Room Trade an ethnographic study of anonymous male male sexual


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FSU CCJ 4700 - Exam 1

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