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Exam 2 Study Guide Exam 2 will cover Chapters 4 6 Topics to Focus on Hierarchy rule Heisenberg principle o only the most serious crime committed in one incident is recorded o Can never know the exact speed or position of an object o Fact that you are observing something changes that which is being observed Conceptualization Operationalization o The process by which we identify what we mean by a concept the process of developing an operational definition Operational definition definition in terms of specific operations measurement instruments or procedures o Indicators a sign of the presence or absence of a concept are the variables that represent a concept violent crime vs nonviolent crime crime seriousness harm to the crime victim Reliability o Definition requires that the indicator gives the same result each time the same thing is measured o Different types of reliability 1 Stability reliability across time Test retest method 2 Representative Reliability whether or not the data collected is the same when dealing with different sub groups in a certain population Internal consistency reliability the consistency of the results delivered in a test ensuring that the various items measuring the different constructs deliver consistent scores split half method 3 4 Equivalence reliability deals with multiple indicators such as questions or coders and focuses on whether or not these different indicators can yield the same results intercoder interrater o Know the different ways you can improve reliability Measures only capture the concept of interest Make use of multiple indicators Make use of pretests pilot studies Increase the level of measurement Validity o Definition measures the extent to which the measure actually reflects the real meaning of the concept it is supposed to measure o Internal validity vs external validity Internal refers both to how well the study was run and how confidently one can conclude that the change in the dependent variable was produced solely by the independent variable and not extraneous ones External The extent to which a study s results regardless of whether the study is descriptive or experimental can be generalized applied to other people or settings o Generalizability That quality of a research finding that justifies the inference that it represents something more than the specific observations on which it was based o Different types of validity Face validity does the measure make sense Criterion related validity compare the results of the measure to some trustworthy alternative measure Concurrent validity indicator must be associated with a preexisting indicator that is judged to be valid Predictive validity where an indicator predicts future events that are logically related to a construct Convergent validity do all of the indicators operate in a similar fashion Construct validity based on the logical relationships among variables Compromise our confidence in saying that a relationship exists between the o Threats to internal validity independent and dependent variables o Threats to external validity Compromise our confidence in stating whether the studys results are applicable Levels of measurement to other groups o Nominal there is a difference between categories gender o Ordinal there is a difference PLUS the categories can be ordered or ranked crime o Interval SAME AS ORDINAL BUT specify the distance between categories equal o Ratio SAME AS NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL PLUS there is a true 0 number Response categories must be BOTH mutually exclusive AND exhaustive o EXHAUSTIVE must be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the o MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE must be able to classify every observation in terms of one seriousness intervals of prior arrests attributes and ONLY one attribute Dichotomous variables o nominal variables which have only two categories or levels UCR why was it created o To provide uniform definitions of crime NCVS why was it created o provide more reliable estimates of serious crime obtain info on crimes not reported to police Different examples of o Official statistics UCR NIBRS o Victimization surveys NCVS o Self report offending surveys MTF The classic experiment IV DV Pretests Posttests Experimental Control Groups o Random assignment why is this important It shows that 2 groups are identical o 3 features of the classical true experiment o Different experimental designs Factorial Design Solomon Four group design BEST o EPSEM what does it stand for Equal probablility of selection method Compensation as discussed in class o Staff treat control group differently because they feel bad for them 3 styles of policing discussed in class o Watchman lower class primary concern to maintain order o Legalistic follow the law by the books o Service helping rather then enforcing the law Quasi experimental design o No randomization o Time series designs Time series design Most basic Interrupted Time series design interrupted by some variable Interrupted Time series design with matching Interrupted Time series design with removed treatment remove treatment and the dots will increase o Non equivalent group design Matching Characteristics of a probability sample o Representativeness population o Randomness Compare both groups to make them the most alike Quality of a sample that has the same distribution of characteristics as the Individuals who are selected have a known probability of being selected o No selection bias when using probability sampling technique Probability Sampling o Sampling unit element unit that provides the basis of analysis o Sampling error random error due to the fact that the entire population was not sampled o Sampling frame list of elements in our population phone directory o Sampling distribution theoretical distribution of some statistics that would occur if we were to draw an infinite number of same sized samples o Sample bias systematic differences between the sample and the population due to sampling procedures class population juniors seniors o Selection bias randomization not achieved so it is not representative o Confidence level vs confidence interval Confidence interval range of values within which a parameter is estimated to lie Confidence level percentage of all possible samples that can be expected to include the true population parameter all samples selected from same population Probability sampling techniques o Simple random sample Rarely used because its too time consuming o Systematic random


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FSU CCJ 4700 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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