Thursday October 28 2014 Development Part 1 Human Development Influence of Development The sequence of age related changes that occur in people as they progress from conception to death 3 Major Issues in Developmental Psychology 1 Nature Nurture Issue 2 Continuity Stages 3 Stability Change Details How do genetic inheritance our nature and experience the nurture we receive influence our development Is development a gradual continuous process or a sequence of separate stages Do our early personality traits persist through life or do we become different persons as we age Developmental Research Designs Cross sectional DIFFERENT participants of various ages studied at ONE point in time Longitudinal SAME participants studied at MULTIPLE time points Cross sequential Combination of both of the above designs Start cross sectional with at least two groups and have longitudinal follow up Behavioral Genetics Behavioral genetics focuses on nature vs nurture using a natural experiment Twin studies share 100 of DNA split and raised in 2 dif places Other designs twins within a family Multiple children adopted into the same family share environment not genes Nature Genetics DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Gene Does one particular small thing Chromosome Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism Section of DNA having a certain sequence or ordering of chemical elements Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA Genes Our Codes for Life In the nucleus of each cell are 46 chromosomes 23 pairs containing DNA 22 of the pairs called autosomes look the same in both males and females 23rd pair the sex chromosomes differ between males and females Females have 2 copies of the X chromosome while males have one X and one Y chromosome Segments or sections within DNA having the same arrangement constitute genes making proteins to determine our development Dominant and Recessive Genes Dominant Recessive Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene Nature Genetic Disorders Phenylketonuria PKU o Your body s inability to break down a chemical this chemical builds up goes to your brain and fucks your shit up effects your intellectual ability o 1 PKU is in most of the foods you eat o 2 A defective enzyme PAH in the body fails to process the Phe o 3 This leads to high Phe levels in the blood o 4 This can lead to problems in thinking and behavior Fragile X Syndrome o Autism o Main features o Early signs Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts Restricted repetitive patterns of behavior interests or activities Delayed language Lack of social interest or unusual social interactions Impaired joint attention Lack of response to own name Abnormal visual attention Odd play patterns Chromosomal Disorders o Down Syndrome Extra chromosome in 21st pair o Klinefelter s Syndrome o Turner s 23rd pair is XXY resulting in a male with shitty male characteristics Syndrome 23rd pair missing an X results in a lone X female with shitty female characteristics often infertile Conception A single sperm cell male penetrates the outer coating of the egg female and fuse to form one fertilized cell a zygote Parental Development 1 Fertilization Monozygotic and dizygotic twins 2 Germinal Stage First 2 weeks after fertilization during which the zygote becomes a mass of cells moves down to the uterus wk1 and implants in the lining wk 2 In the first week The zygote is rapidly dividing creating 100 cells or more that continue to become increasingly diverse At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo 3 Embryonic Stage The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization during which major systems organs and structures of the body develop End of 8 weeks embryo is about 1 inch long weighs about 1 7 of an ounce and has primitive eyes nose ears lips teeth little arms and legs hands feet fingers toes as well as a beating heart Teratogens the developing fetus Critical periods are times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of an infant When certain body structures develop are drugs chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm Other Environmental Factors Nutrition neurological deficits Stress and Emotion lasting effects on the child Severe malnutrition increases the risk of birth complications and Anxiety and depression in pregnant women can have long 4 Fetal Stage The time from about 8 weeks after conception until birth of the baby Period of tremendous growth Organs accomplish differentiation and continue to become functional Muscles and bones form enabling the fetus to make physical movements including kicking During last several weeks fetus can respond to stimuli in outside world BABIES Exploring the world Babies Physical Development o Newborn senses Senses well developed at birth include taste touch smell Hearing functional but not fully developed and Vision is least functional sense at birth Visual Cliff Experiment o Motor development Reflexes a set of innate involuntary behavior patterns Provide information about health of NS Grasp startle rooting stepping sucking Studying Infant Cognition o Preferential looking o Language Development produce words Stages of Language Development o Cooing Stage Learning to communicate Language acquisition is rapid and starts early The ability to understand words develops before the ability to At about 2 months the infant begins to make vowel like sounds o Babbling Stage Ex like oooo and aaaa Beginning at 4 6 months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds adding consonant sounds to the vowel like sounds to form phonemes Ex like ah goo ba ba ba ma ma ma or da da da o One Word Stage o Two Word Stage Beginning at or around the first birthday 12 months a child starts to speak one word and makes family adults understand him her Whole phrases will be communicated in one word Holophrases Ex The word doggy may mean look at the dog out there Before the 2nd year at around 1 a child starts to speak in two word sentences Called telegraphic speech in which the child speaks like a telegram only nouns and verbs Contains only essential content to carry meaning Ex go car I would like to go for a ride in the car o There is no three word stage Once out of two word phrase children move to longer phrases After telegraphic speech children start filling in missing words to form
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