Introduction and Biopsychology 02 14 2013 INTRODUCTION Affect feelings Behavior Cognition thoughts History of Psychology India Buddha How do sensations and perceptions combine to form ideas o Combining thinking and feelings Chinese Confucius Ideas and the power of the mind o Considering thoughts the influences on less on the mind Hebrew Scriptures Linked mind and emotion to the body o New ideas for the time Socrates Plato Contemplated mind and body connection The mind and the body are separate Mind exists after death Aristotle Knowledge grows from experience Soul mind not separable from body Ideas were innate Rene Descartes Frenchman mathematician philosopher writer Believed in soul mind and body separation similar to Socrates and Plato Wondered how mind body communicated Frances Bacon Founder of the Experimental Method o Determined cause and effect relationships Why things happen and what caused them Mind tabula rasa blank slate at birth and experiences wrote on it John Locke Empiricism Structuralism Functionalism Empirical based on observation and experimentation Wundt 1879 founder of psychology o Titchener 1800s introspection look inside William James 1875 influenced by Charles Darwin wrote Principals of Psychology o Not possible to study consciousness what is in the mind Focused on functionalism How our minds allow us to function How are we able to work play adapt How why of behavior Observation Gestalt Psychoanalysis Wertheimer Germany the whole is greater than the sum of its part Freud neurologist from Vienna psychotherapy o Noticed physical symptoms with no physical cause Symptoms must come from mental state o Influence of unconscious have access too We can be influenced by a part of our mind that we don t even Early experience what happens to us when we are young infants is extremely important for how we develop as adults Behaviorism environmental effects on people Ivan Pavlov 1903 not a psychologist o Classical conditioning type of learning involving association automatically John B Watson 1913 science of behavior o We can condition people most famous for conditioning fear B F Skinner 1953 operant conditioning o Radical behaviorism o Shape people s before based on consequences rewards punishments o Denied that there was an unconscious and thought it was only environment based Contemporary Psychology thoughts and feelings A B C affect behavior cognition The scientific study of Behavior what we do Mental processes inner Current Perspectives theoretical bases theoretical bases Ch Psychodynamic Rooted in Freud s theory Unconscious processes Early experience Neo Freudians Behavioral Humanistic Pavlov Watson Skinner Learning theory Carl Rogers 1951 person centered o Thought that behaviorist was too hard rigid o We need to be more humanistic and gentler to people Abe Maslow 1970 self actualization Cognitive Psychology Atkinson Shiffrin 1968 scientific exploration of memory and other cognitive processes o Thinking problem solving memory judgment Cognitive Neuroscience Sociocultural Social Psychology o How the individual is when they are in a social situation People behaving in groups or with other people or in situations Cultural Psychology o The importance of cultural on how people become who they are where you grow up values religion etc Bio psychological Genetics DNA genes hereditary etc Hormones nervous system mind and body link Nervous system o How we think and behave brain chemistry Evolutionary Shared universal human characteristics o Evolving over time how it affect psychological development Natural Selection focus o Adaptive qualities of humans What qualities we keep or drop Prepared fears human beings are evolutionary prepared to be afraid of certain things snakes heights etc The Many FACES of Psychology Video Types of Psychological Professionals Psychologist Psychiatrist can prescribe medication Psychiatric Social Workers Psychoanalyst Applied Psychology Fields Sports Psychology Forensic Psychology Neuropsychology Rehabilitation Psychology Psychology s Subfields Applied Industrial 6 Educational 9 Other 3 Counseling 15 Clinical 67 Subfields Research Other 11 5 Biological 9 9 Experimental 14 1 Psychometrics 5 5 Social 21 6 Developmental 24 6 Cognitive 8 0 Personality 4 8 Education Psychology Undergraduate o B S or B A Graduate o Master s Degree M S or M A o Doctoral Degree Ph D Psy D Ed D Psychological Associations Societies The American Psychological Association o http www apa org The British Psychological Society o http www bps org The Need for Psychological Science Intuition Common Sense Empirical Evidence Hindsight Bias way after it happens Overconfidence Thinking we know more than we actually do The Scientific Attitude Curiosity passion for exploration Humility ability to accept responsibility when wrong Skepticism doubting and questioning Critical Thinking Examine the argument Question their ideas Identify and evaluate assumptions o Basis for conclusions o Quality of research information gathering Consider alternate arguments Coming to the conclusion after the fact Thinking you knew it would happen that Avoid emotional reasoning o Authority expertise own bias Remember not much is black and white all or nothing Don t oversimplify Tolerate uncertainty Be open minded What do you believe and why Scientific Method Psychology is a natural science o Psychological research uses the scientific method to construct theories Theory a general explanation of a set of observations or facts o Attempt to explain and predict behavior or events Example low self esteem contributes to depression Hypothesis a testable prediction o Often prompted by a theory o Enables us to accept reject or revise the theory Example depression People with low self esteem exhibit more symptoms of Research Process Cycle of Scientific Research PERCEIVE QUESTION REPORT RESULTS REPLICATION FORM HYPOTHESIS DRAW CONCLUSIONS TEST HYPOTHESIS Research Design Descriptive PERCEIVE QUESTIONFORM HYPOTHESISTEST HYPOTHESISDRAW CONCLUSIONSREPORT RESULTS REPLICATION Correlational Experiments Variable Characteristic that can be measured or described Example height disruptiveness depression Operational Definition Identification of procedure or steps operations used to measure or control a research variable o Example a student is defined as disruptive if she bothers other student 5 or more times during a class period Descriptive Methods Naturalistic Observation watching and recording behavior in organism s natural
View Full Document
Unlocking...