SQ3R method: a systematic approach to studyingSurvey, question, read, recite, reviewPsychology – scientific study of behavior and mental processPsychologists use the scientific methodScientific method:observe/theorizehypothesisdesign studycollect dataconduct experimenttheorizetheory: general set of principles that explains how facts are relatedevaluated/compared in terms of their usefulnessuse heuristic valuecritical thinking – must think about alternatives; independent thinking, suspension of judgement, and willingness to modify or abandon prior judgementsGOALS OF PSYCHOLOGYDescription – identifying and classifying behaviors/mental processesExplanation – proposing reasonsPrediciton – offereing hypotheses about how conclusion will affectInfluence – using research to solve; how can you find ways to solve thisTwo types of research done to accomplish the goals of psychBasic – seeks new knowledge to advance scientific understandingEx: why we yawnApplied – condutct to solve practical problems & improve life qualityEx: eating disorderings in a communityStructuralism: break into simplest elementsWilhelm Wundt“you tell me how you feel”father of psychintrospection – an examination of one’s own thoughts and feelingsEdward TitchnerEstablished a psychological lab in the USAFunctionalism: how humans/animals use mental processes in adapting to environment; includes behaviorWilliam JamesFunctionalism’s most famous proponent1st psych instructor in USwrote 1st psych textbookMary Calkins1st president of APA (American Psychological Association)developed an important memory testestablished psych lab @ WellesleyMargaret WashburnFirst women to receive a doctorate degreeAnimal behaviorFrancis Sumner1st African American to earn PhD in psychtranslated US psych into 3 different languagesAlbert BeckhamRelationship between intelligence testing and occupational relationsKenneth ClarkSelf esteem and segregationWorked with his wifeInfluenced supreme court to rule that segregation was unconstitutionalJorge SanchezHispanic American psychologistStudied whether or not intelligence testing in US applied to all racesSpecialists that work with psychology (psychologists)Clinical – specialize in the diagnosis and treatmentCounseling – help people who have adjustment problemsPhysiological/biological – study behavior b/w physiological process and behaviorExperimental – hold really strong experiments to test theories in many areas of psychDevelopmental – study how people age and things that happen at all agesEducational – specialize in the study of teaching and learningSocial – how people feel, think, and behave in social settingsIndustrial/organizational – the relationship b/w people and work environmentsSchools of thought in psychBehaviorismEmphasizes environment as key determinant of behaviorStrongest movement in psychBehaviorists view observable/measureable behavior as the only appropriate subject matter for psychWatson, Skinner, PavlovPsychoanalytic psychologySigmund FreudIndividuals thoughts/feelings/behavior are determined by the unconsciousHumanistic psychologyCare about people’s opinions on why they did what they didAbraham Maslow – need for self-actualization is the highest need of all needsCarl RogersClient centered therapy – redirected towards you; “why do you think that happened?”Cognitive psychologyMental processes such as memory, problem solving, decision making, perception and languageGestalt psychology – studies perceptionInformation-processiong theory – human mind is like a computerEvolutionary psychologyHow human behaviors necessary for survival have adapted over evolutionWhy we do certain thingsEx: why do we yawn? Why do not only humans yawn?Biological psychologyLooks for connections b/w specific behaviors and specific biological factorsSpecific behaviors of a human are becahse of different hormonesThe sociocultural approachHow cultural values affect behaviorPsychological perspective vs eclectic approachPsychological perspective – general pt of viewEclectic approach – many approachesDescriptive Research Methods:Naturalistic/lab settingsLeft up to chanceObserve people in natural environment without them knowingLaboratory settingYou set up observations and control variablesBring people inPeople don’t know you’re observing them or think its for something elseCase StudyFocus on single individual or small group of people in depthNot generalizablePotential for biasGood for studying rare disorders or brain damageSurvey ResearchGet a lot of people to give info about themselvesNo relationship establishedPartially generalizableSurverys sample of people instead of whole populationRepresentative sampleSample that mirrors the population of interestCorrelational method: establish degree of relationship between two thingsCorrelation: quantity someone gives you-1.0 to +1.0magnitude – strength of relationshipplace it falls on spectrum: closer to 0 is weaker, closer to 1 is strongerExperimental Method: tests hypothesis about cause&effect relationshipsIndependent variable – you control it/change itDependent variable – you just collect data on itExperimental group – group being testedControl group – group exposed to same environment but not given the treatment*** comparing experimental and control groups allows researcher to judge effects of the independent variable ***all other factors must be the same except for the variable you’re testinglimitations: often conducted in unnatural settings, limiting generalizability of resultsBias in Experimental studiesConfounding variables – not taken account into the study (food intake, sleep ect)Selection bias – groups assigned so there are systematic differencesRandom assignment: cant ask people what group they want to be in, simply randomizedpilot study – trial experiment on small, unimportant subject poolPlacebo effect – caused by person’s expectations, not actual treatmentExperimenter bias – researchers expectations influence resultsPlacebo effect and experimenter bias are controlled by double blind technique (neither experimenter nor participant know who is in which group)Ethical RulesLegaility – must conform to applicable lawsInstitutional approval – must be approved by IRB (institutional review board)Informed consent – must consent with signature; protects elderly/disabledDeception – used if necessary; person must be debriefed afterClients/patients/subordinates – cant be