Journal Assignment 1 Nicotine induces cell proliferation invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition in a variety of human cancer cells A Understanding the anatomy of a primary research article 1 A great deal of information can be deduced from the first page of the paper even before reading a single paragraph One such piece of information is that because the title states Nicotine induces cell proliferation invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition in a variety of human cancer cell lines it can be inferred that the result of the study is that nicotine encourages the proliferation invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition of multiple types of cancer cells in humans Another piece of information that can be taken from the first page is that the study was performed at the H Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute It is also apparent that the publisher of this study is the International Union Against Cancer It can also be inferred that the head research scientist was because her name is the last listed among the authors A fifth thing the reader can extrapolate from the first page is that because of the title it can be assumed several types of human cancer cells will be tested 2 The majority of the experiments performed in this paper were performed in the lab of This can be determined because her name was the last of the authors listed 3 The official name of the first paragraph of the article written in bold print is the abstract The function of the abstract is to summarize the major aspects of the entire paper including the question being investigated the experimental design and methods used the major findings and a brief summary of the interpretations 4 The introduction section is different from the first paragraph because the introduction states the purpose of the experiment and establishes the context of the work being reported by summarizing the current understanding of the problem being investigated and discussing any relevant previous research findings 5 Information provided by the Materials and Methods section includes the organisms being studied the experimental design how data was collected and how the data was analyzed It is necessary to provide all of this information because it allows for the experiment to be repeated It also allows readers to understand exactly how the experiment was performed so that they can better understand the results of the study and make the proper conclusions 6 Perhaps the most interesting part of a scientific research article is the results section The results section presents the experiment s key results without interpreting it This information is presented in the results section through the use of both text and illustrative figures a Because there is in most cases an overwhelming amount of text and illustrations in the results section of scientific research it may be difficult for the reader to know which figure applies to which experiment To alleviate this problem it is important to cite the figure in which each piece of information is demonstrated in the results section after the sentence that explains it For example The duration of exposure to sunlight had a strong effect on seed germination Fig 2 b Figure legends are very helpful in explaining the outcome of each experiment Information provided by the figure legends makes known what results are being shown in the figures the organism being studied in the experiment sample sizes and any relationships or correlations that can be drawn from the experiment 7 While the figure legends do provide a plethora of information regarding the results of the experiment they also leave out certain pieces of information that can be found in the body of the results section In the body of the results section all results are reported including negative or unexpected results Also key results and trends that may have not been discussed in the figure key may be discussed The body of this section also compares the relevant data that was likely not mentioned in the figure legends B Understanding the purpose and experimental design 1 In my interpretation the purpose of this paper is to report on a study with very important and relevant results In the United States especially both smoking cigarettes and cancers of the lungs breasts and pancreas are very common I find the results of this scientific paper significant because it provides a detailed explanation of how and why nicotine an active ingredient in cigarettes intensifies the spread of cancer cells in humans This paper can hopefully deter smokers especially those suffering from cancer from continuing their harmful habit 2 a Carcinoma Carcinoma is the medical term used to describe the most prevalent type of cancer occurring in humans A carcinoma is a detrimental unregulated cell growth that begins in the tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body A carcinoma is an abnormal tissue growth derived from epithelial cells that experienced damage or alteration to their genome so as to cause the cell to transform and demonstrate unusual malignant properties Carcinomas The development of carcinomas is attributed to a multitude of factors including excessive alcohol intake tobacco usage excessive sunlight exposure obesity and radiation Dugdale Metastasis a k a mets is the spread of a disease commonly cancer from one organ or area to another non adjacent organ or area Cancer cells that have metastasized from the original primary tumor are known as metastatic or daughter tumors In some cases cancer cells are able to invade lymphatic and or blood vessels This gives them the ability to travel throughout the body and eventually form a new tumor This process is known as lymphatic or hematogenous spread McDougle If a cancer metastasizes to other tissues or organs it becomes significantly more dangerous b Metastasis c NSCLC Non small cell lung cancer or NSCLC is the most prevalent type of lung cancer The most common forms of NSCLC are adenocarcinomas squamous cell carcinomas and large cell carcinomas NSCLC spread slower than small cell lung cancer Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of most non small cell lung cancers However non smokers can be put at risk for developing NSCLC if they are frequently exposed to secondhand smoke asbestos high levels of air pollution gasoline diesel exhaust or products containing chloride or formaldehyde Chen 2011 NSCLCs are relatively invulnerable to chemotherapy treatments and therefore surgery is typically
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