Tuesday January 31 y Bio Psych studying Lecture 1 Intro to Bio Psych Within Groups Design vs Between Groups Design Within Groups Each participant takes part in all conditions Between Groups Each participants takes part in only one condition Principles of Biology Anatomy the study of the different organs and structures Cellular Anatomy the study of cell organelles and structures Physiology the study of how living systems function Genetics the study of how genes and evolution affect biological processes Developmental Biology the study of how an organism and its tissues are created dur ing development Biochemistry the study of molecules of life and how they influence living systems Pros and Cons of Animal Experimentation for Bio Psych Pros less ethical rules more animals than people can be used easier to control variables simpler systems and lives animals share many basic pathways with humans 1 Tuesday January 31 y Cons unethical cannot self report or follow rules NOT human not identical Biopsychological Manipulations 1 Genetic manipulations selective breeding transgenic manipulation ANIMALS 2 Electrical stimulation increase the activity of a brain region by stimulating it elec trically ANIMALS AND HUMANS 3 Neuropharmacology giving agonists or antagonists to brain chemicals ANI MALS AND HUMANS 4 Trauma studies damage to a brain region due to accidental injury HUMANS 5 Lesion studies intentional damage to brain regions can be temporary or perma nent ANIMALS 4 Psychobiological Outcome Variables 1 Neuroimaging non invasive ways to image brain structures or their activity Ex 2 Electrophysiology measuring the electrical activity of the brain Ex EEG EMG 3 Neurochemistry measuring neurotransmitters metabolites signaling molecules 4 Neurocytology staining cells in the brain to explore anatomy or activity of connec Lecture 2 Anatomy of the Nervous System MRI fMRI PET patch clamping tions 2 Different Branches of Nervous System Peripheral components of the nervous system outside skull spine ex nerves Tuesday January 31 y Nerves enclosed cable like bundles that transmit electrical impulses to and from body structures brain Ganglia clusters of nerve cell bodies associated with nerves Somatic Nervous System nerves carrying sensory info to the CNS and motor com mands voluntary movement from the CNS Cranial Nerves carry info to and from brain head neck trunk Spinal nerves carry info to and from CNS and rest of body Autonomic Nervous System special nerves that regulate activity of internal organs and other involuntary activities Parasympathetic Nervous System regulates day to day functions ex digestion and keeps us calm and relaxed Sympathetic Nervous System regulates fight or flight response to threats and stressors keeps us on our feet Central components of the nervous system located in skull spine ex brain and spinal cord Spinal Cord functions primarily in transmission of signals to and from the brain and rest of body acts independently of brain with local reflexes and other neutral cir cuits Dorsal and Ventral Roots Dorsal Roots bring sensory info to the CNS from the body afferent 3 Ventral Roots take motor commands from CNS to muscles efferent Tuesday January 31 y Basic Brain Structural Major Landmarks Longitudinal Fissure separates the 2 brain hemispheres Corpus Callosum and allows communication between them structure that connects two hemispheres Brain Cells Organized into Structures Cortex Nuclei layers of nerve cells or neurons on outer part of brain clusters of nerve cells or neurons within the brain Folds of Cortex BRAIN WRINKLES Gyri 1 gyrus bulges or ridges on brain s surface Sulci 1 sulcus grooves or indentations in brain s surface Symmetry and Asymmetry of the Brain Symmetrical structures and functions in the brain in BOTH hemispheres sensory areas motor areas Asymmetrical structures and functions in the brain in ONE hemisphere language and spatial navigation are in opposite hemispheres Contralateral info is sent and received to and from opposite side of the body Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain 4 Tuesday January 31 y Hindbrain regulates functions that are basic and critical to life heart rate breath ing blood pressure swallowing controls sleep and arousal regulates posture move ment and balance Midbrain movement reward arousal auditory and visual reflexes Forebrain functions are what make us uniquely human conscious thought memory etc generating emotion storing memory cognition Other Parts of the Brain Meninges membranes surrounding and protecting the brain Disease Meningitis infection or inflammation of protective brain membranes Symptoms headache neck stiffness associated with fever altered consciousness inability to tolerate light photophobia or loud noises phonophobia Ventricles large fluid filled fluid cerebrospinal fluid chambers in the brain WE HAVE FOUR that produce fluid to help cushion the brain flows through glymphatic system to flush toxins out of brain Disease Hydrocephalus blockage of CSF drainage through brain the ventri cles swell Symptoms very large round head deviation of eyes downward sundowning Cerebral Vasculature blood vessels supplying the brain with oxygen and nutrients Blood brain barrier tight seals and other barriers around blood vessels that re strict movement from the blood into the brain and vice versa Disease Stroke decrease in blood supply providing oxygen to a part of the brain that results of death of neurons downstream of the blockage 5 often unilateral has effects on sensory numbness or motor paralysis func tions on a single side Tuesday January 31 y Lecture 3 Nervous System Cell Structure and Func tion Cells THE SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE Cell membrane surrounding cytoplasm Nucleus Other organelles Mitochondria 2 Main Cells found in Nervous System Neurons electrically active cells which communicate with one another absolutely essential for a functioning nervous system Glial Cells the support staff of the nervous system provide support protection nutrients and other things Typical Neuron Structures Dendrites receive information from other neurons via electrical signals RADAR DISHES RECEIVING THE SIGNALS Cell body or Soma integrates and processes this information and can create its own electrical signal FANCY Axon sends newly created information on to the next neurons 3 Functional Neurons 6 Tuesday January 31 y Unipolar both the axon and main dendrite are part of the same process Bipolar the axon and dendrite come off opposite sides of the cell body