3 4 15 Ch 7 continued 3 stages of memory Sensory memory 1st stage of memory Holds exact record of incoming info for a few seconds or less not aware of info compare to sensation Short term memory STM memory system used to hold small amounts of information in conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds Once aware sensory memory sort of perception Long term memory LTM usually when think about memory Memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful info Rehearsal preserving info in some way for future use Long term memory LTM Types of LTM Procedural memory Memories of conditioned responses and learned skills actions Declarative memory Memories containing specific factual information Semantic memory our impersonal knowledge about the world day of week learn in classes info from books Episodic memory personal experiences linked with specific times and places Network model memory is an organized system of linked info Hoe is memory organized Longer to answer question Less related Move through network Redintegration process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other related memories Why do we forget valid memory happens Encoding failures fail to store sufficient information to form a Storage failures don t store memory correctly something Memory decay fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker learn in class in semester Retrieval failures retrieving from LTM Retrieval cues stimuli associated with memory appropriate cues enhances memory Environment State dependent learning memory is influenced by ones bodily state at time of learning and at tie of retrieval Interference tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories and the reverse Retroactive interference tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories Proactive interference tendency for old memories to interfere with retrieval of newer memories Repression unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness Traumatic embarrassing painful or threatening moments Suppression involves conscious effort to put something out of mind or keep it from awareness Purposely forgetting How can we improve memory Improving encoding o While we first learned material Selection we remember what we pay attention to Organization Chunking grouping bits of information into larger units Cues o Elaborative processing making memories more meaningful by using processing that encodes a link between the new information from existing memories and knowledge while reviewing material o Serial position effect tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle terms of an ordered list o Space practice refers to a practice schedule alternating study periods with brief rest periods o Overlearning to continue to study beyond simple mastery
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