Chapter 1 Correlation Coefficient weak strong o Weak is anything close to 1 00 o Strong is anything close to 1 00 o Correlation does not prove causation Independent and dependent variables o Dependent Variables are measured by how the independent variables affect it o The hypothesis being correct or not depends on whether or not it was exposed to the independent variable Who is the father of psychology and founder of the first experimental Who is the father of African American psychology Who is the first woman to receive a Ph D in psychology laboratory o Wilhelm Wundt o Francis Cecil Sumner o Mary Whiton Calkins o Experiment Which research method allows you to make claims about causality Chapter 2 Know the function of dendrites axons myelin neurotransmitters o Dendrites are part of the neuron that receives messages o Axons transmit information to different neurons o Myelin insulate and protect the neuron They also help speed up the neural messages traveling down the axon o Neurotransmitters are inside neurons a neuron and they transmit messages What is the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones o Neurotransmitters is a chemical that is released from a nerve cell which transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another nerve muscle organ or other tissue It is a messenger of neurologic info from one cell to another Hormones are secreted by special glands called endocrine glands into the blood stream These are essential for daily life in every activity Which region of the brain is responsible for vision hearing auditory emotions such as fear and aggression coordinated movement and fight or flight o The Sympathetic Division of the autonomic system is responsible for these emotions What is the most inhibitory excitatory neurotransmitter in the human body o Most excitatory glutamate o Most inhibitory GABA Gamma Amino Butyric Acid What is the reflex arc Why do reflexes happen so quickly o A nerve pathway that connects certain muscle groups to others without the brain These pathways primarily control involuntarily movements in response to some sort of stimulus Chapter 3 Rods and cones which one is less more light color sensitive o Rods More Light and less color o Cones Less light and more color Definition of sensation and perception o Sensation the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain o Perception the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion o As a monocular cue of depth perception the brain s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away What is accommodation Chapter 4 What is the circadian rhythm o A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period What is drug tolerance withdrawal Be able to identify examples o Drug tolerance the decrease of the response to a drug over repeated uses leading to the need for higher doses of drug to achieve the same effect o Withdrawal physical symptoms that can include nausea pain tremors crankiness and high blood pressure resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems Narcotics Depressants which one has sedative effects and which on increases functioning of the nervous system o Narcotics increases and Depressants have Sedative effects Chapter 5 Be able to identify examples of positive negative reinforcement punishment o Positive Reinforcement Addition or experiencing to a pleasurable stimulus stimulus o Negative Reinforcement Removal or avoidance of an unpleasant o Positive Punishment the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus o Negative Punishment the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus How are operant and classical conditioning alike how do they differ o Similar because you are trying to learn something you didn t know before Different because Classical is involuntary and Operant is voluntary Know definitions and examples of primary and secondary reinforcers o Primary Reinforcers Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need Examples Hunger thirst and touch hugs o Secondary Reinforcers any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforce Examples Praise tokens or gold stars When given an example be able to identify conditioned unconditioned stimulus response o Conditioned Stimulus in classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response after pairing with an unconditional stimulus o Conditional Response in classical conditioning a learned response to a conditioned stimulus o Unconditioned Stimulus in classical conditioning a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response o Unconditioned Response in classical conditioning an involuntary and unlearned response to naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus Chapter 6 Information processing model Sensor memory short term memory long term memory What concepts allow the movement from one to the next e g elaborative rehearsal maintenance rehearsal selective attention Know the definitions of encoding storage retrieval o Encoding the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain s storage system o Storage holding on to information for some period of time o Retrieval getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used What is the misinformation effect what are flashbulb memories o Misinformation Effect the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself o Flashbulb memories type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it What are false memories and how easy difficult is it to have people construct false memories o They are inaccurate memories created by others through suggestions of others often while the person is under hypnosis Research has shown that it is easier for someone to recall false memories rather than real memories What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories o Explicit memory you have to work to remember but implicit memory you remember unconsciously and effortlessly Define proactive and retroactive
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