Exercise Emotional Well Being William James 1899 Our moods are determined by the feeling which come up from our body It is certain that physical exercise will tent to train the body toward the latter feelings Physical activity offers more opportunities for pleasure than most health related behaviours brushing flossing etc Individuals are more likely to adhere to lower intensity exercise programs feelings of fatigue and negative affect can act as a deterrent to continued participation Affect may be a useful tool in prescribing exercise intensity Focus on benefits Fatigue reducing Energy enhancing benefits of physical activity Thayer 1987 short walk vs candy bar Emmons Diener 1986 people tend to do what makes them feel good predicts continued participation in future Positive affect Negative affect favorable feelings such as satisfaction with life PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL OUTCOMES Psychological Health is divided into 1 Positive relationships Self esteem Self efficacy Emotional well being Cognitive function 2 Negative relationships Anxiety Depression Stress Conceptualization Issues Moods Emotions Core Affect Emotions and Moods can both enhance interfere with motivated behavior Emotions States of feeling but not always present Short lived High intensity Elicited following appraisal Immediate or near immediate response to a stimulus requiring some level of cognitive input Moods States of feeling present most of the time Last for relatively long periods of time hours days Lower intensity than emotion Elicited following appraisal Response requiring cognitive input but may be temporarily distant from stimulus Central Distinctions between Mood vs Emotions 1 Mood usually implies a longer course of time 2 Antecedents of emotions can usually be identified moods come and go with sometimes unidentifiable causes 3 Emotions usually more intense and variable than moods EMOTION anger fear pride shame guilt love sadness grief MOODL dysphoria euphoria irritation joyfulness grumpiness AFFECT State of feeling that is always present Duration of affect is constant Intensity varies between high and low o More general valenced response Good Bad Pleasure Displeasure More basic than emotion more primitive and no thought process involved Almost similar to a reflex response Example pleasure displeasure tension relaxation energy tiredness MEASUREMENT General Measures 1 Profile of mood states POMS 2 Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS by exercise positive and negative affect Only measures high activation excitement enthusiasm nervous scared provides measures of most popular assumes only 6 moods affected 3 Activation Deactivation Adjective Checklist AD ACL measures 2 arousal dimensions Energetic arousal energy sleep energy vs tiredness Tense arousal tension placidity tension vs calmness Dissatisfaction with General Measures Not sensitive to exercise stimuli Assumes that exercise has unique and distinct properties Feeling stronger healthier wtf Exercise induced feeling inventory EFI measures exercise induced feeling states Subjective Exercise Experience Scale SEES measures subjective experiences unique to exercise Physical Activity Affect Scale PAAS consists of Psychological Distress subscale of the SEES and the subscales of the EFI Feeling Scale FS single item measure of valence or hedonic tone Valence or There are three research issues 1 Categorical vs Dimensional approaches 2 Temporal dynamics of affective responses 3 Dose response issues 1 CATEGORICAL VS DIMENSIONAL APPROACHES Categorical Approach Distinct States assumes affective states are distinct and unique Dimensional Approach number of dimensions Assumes affective states are inter related and can be accurately captured by small Valence and Activation Arousal various affective states are combinations of these 2 basic dimensions It applies the Circumplex Model of Affect 2 DYNAMICS OF AFFECTIVE RESPONSES Timing of affective responses Examine affect DURING exercise It could be different from pre to post affective changes It also could have important implications for exercise prescription and determining mechanisms for effects 3 DOSE RESPONSE What intensity and or duration yields optimal affective responses Ekkekakis Petruzzello 1999 Ekkekakis Parfitt Petruzzello 2011 Duration no evidence of threshold Intensity problematic Guidelines for Physical Activity Moderate activity increases physical activity participation and long term adherence than high intensity activities Emmons and Diener 1986 found that positive affect felt during situations predicts the time you spend in that situation It is also consistent with the Hedonic Theory we continue to engage in activities that bring enjoyment PRE to POST Exercise Affective Responses Show increases in positively valenced affective states following moderate intensity exercise known as Paradoxical energizing effect THAYER 2011 It increases in negatively valenced affect states following high intensity exercise Thayer questioned how people feel during exercise Two scales were proposed Feeling scale FS 5 very good 3 good 1 fairly good etc Felt Arousal Scale FAS 1 low arousal and 6 high arousal General conclusion As intensity increases and duration progresses affective valence becomes less positive or more negative Also higher fit subjects report feeling more positive than low fit subject at the same exercise intensity RPE Studies supporting this Parfitt et al 1994 1995 and Bixby et al 2001 Affective responses to varying exercise intensities Intensity DID NOT influence positive pre to post exercise changes It influenced responses during exercise especially declines in valence Termination of exercise led to improved affect and elimination of intensity related differences PART II The Dark Side Overtraining occurs when individuals train at a level than they are accustomed to intensity and or duration It helps athletes adapt to greater levels of stress Can lead to Staleness Syndrome persistent decrement in performance capacity even after TWO weeks of rest Vigor scores decrease and negative mood subscales increase ICE BERG Profile Exercise Dependence Syndrome exercise addiction dependence obligatory exercise etc The person craves leisure time physical activity in spite of obstacles or commitments Can result in uncontrollable excessive exercise behavior Often part of an eating disorder Prevalence it is not well known only exists in a small percentage from 2 3 upto 20 30 Primary Dependence exercise an end in