Exam 1 Chapter 1 Through 4 1 Parent Disciplines of PA a Psychology mental processes people experience utilize b Exercise science aspects of sport exercise fitness rehab behavior 2 Importance 3 Benefits a To understand the Antecedents of Exercise Behavior i Adoption and adherence rates are low b To understand the consequences of energy a Improved physiological health physical fitness i 1 reason to start continue a fitness program 1 CU endurance 2 Muscle strength endurance 3 Bone strength 4 Flexibility 5 Lean body mass 6 Improved sleep 7 More energy 8 Reduced pain 9 Reduced fatigue b Enhanced physical appearance i Less fat ii More lean mass c Improved Psychological Emotional Health Cognitive Function i Runners High ii Satisfying feeling iii Reduced anxiety improved self esteem coping d Improved Social Relations 4 Barriers a Convenience b Environment i Transportation lack of facility equipment i Geographical location altitude safety climate heat cold humidity i Most common reason ii However people who are more active actually have less time but manage it c Physical Limitations i Injury fatigue disease d Lack of Time better e Boredom lack of enjoyment 5 Evolutionary History a Hunter Gatherers b Agricultural Period i Intense physical exertion with days of rest and light activity i High daily expenditure ii Occupational and household tasks done manually c Industrial Period d Electronic Age i Physically active farmers and city workers i Technological social changes since WWII ii Chronic disease more prominent 6 Inactivity as an Epidemic a Has attracted societal concern and government attraction i WHO ii CDC statistics iii US Healthy People 2010 b Social changes of the 20th Century i Women in the workforce ii Stress iii Less time spent on food prep more greasy less healthy iv PA must be planned into schedule instead of being automatically apart of daily life 7 Measurement a Self Report v Technology means labor saving devices i Cheap easy widely used b Objective Technological i Expensive ii Nike Wristband c Observation i Expensive money and time wise d Sources i Nationwide Probability Survey Best ii Population Based Survey Okay iii Trend Data Unreliable 8 PERCENTAGES TO KNOW a 10 15 b 25 30 of adults participate in regular vigorous exercise of adults are sedentary 9 Differences by Demographics a Age i PA increases as a function of age ii No one is too old iii PA at young age can predict PA as an adult iv Less PA time spent with age b Gender i More of a pronounced difference in adolescence 1 50 active boys 2 32 active girls ii Men are more vigorous and strength related iii Women are more moderate i Lower levels of PA in non caucasians c Race d SES a Morbidity b Mortality i Low PA connected with low incomes and low education groups ii Participate more in occupational PA 10 Morbidity and Mortality i Disease ii High BP diabetes obesity all links to low PA levels i Death ii Lower all cause mortality rates associated with PA iii 250 000 deaths linked to sedentary lifestyles 11 12 Classic Studies a Cooper Institute b San Francisco Longshoremen c Harvard Alumni d All point to PA as a prevention of mortality Theories and Models a Theory i explains why a behavior or phenomenon occurs ii makes predictions iii Better understanding of PA behavior iv Standardizes terminology v Closes knowledge gap b Model i Visual representation of a phenomenon of behavior ii Does not explain 13 Self Efficacy a How you form perceptions about capability to engage in specific behaviors b Extent to which a person feels they ll be successful c A situation specific form of self confidence 14 Motivation a Degree of direction and intensity of a behavior b Determine expected outcomes and value importance of outcome c Intrinsic emanates from within you enjoy it and want to do it d Extrinsic induced by outside force you have to do it Theory of Reasoned Action a Social cognitive response b Predict a single instance behavior c Predicted by intention d Intention behavior Theory of Planned Behavior a Expanded from TRA b Degree of person control over behavior that you think you have 15 16 17 Attitudes a Like or dislikes of objects and issues b Explicit consciously think about c Implicit unaware of 18 Self Determination Theory psychosocial needs 19 Reward Suppressors a Need for self determination b Need to demonstrate competence c Need for relatedness interaction a Positive Reinforcement pleasant outcome praise b Negative Reinforcement removal of something negative depression c Punishment unpleasant stimulus that decreases probability of continuation soreness d Extinction withholding positive stimulus after behavior to prevent likelihood of continuation opportunity to socialize 20 Data a Qualitative descriptive words b Quantitative numbers c Hypothesis expected result in a statement deduced from previous knowledge a Random everyone in population has equal chance of selection b Stratified random population divided into sub populations and random samples c Accidental sample availability and willingness to respond are overriding factors in testable 21 Samples drawn selection 22 NAMES a Cureton i Father of Fitness Illinois professor ii b Cooper i Studied relationship between fitness and mortality ii Defined aerobics iii Founded important PA institute i Studied how people learn new behaviors ii Stimulated Response Theory i Fitness expert and body builder ii Godfather of Fitness i Social Cognitive Theory ii Self Efficacy Theory c Skinner d Lalanne e Bandura f Blair i Correlation between fitness and morbidity mortality ii Epidemiologist