Chapter 11 Public Speaking Planning the Message The Listenable Speech Public communication involves a transaction between speaker and audience Listenable speech one that is formatted to be easily understood by listeners o Language that fits the knowledge level of the listeners follows a clear pattern problem solving cause effect phrases that foreshadow facts statistics and a conversational style o Key aspects logical structure introduction central idea a body that follows a pattern and a summarizing conclusion Public Speaking Any act of communication is based on three parameters that affect the topic selected the language used the types of examples and illustrations and the aids needed to support and or clarify ideas o Participants speaker and the audience members o Setting where the speech is given time limit when and attitudes o Purpose speaker s expected outcomes for the presentation Major concern of any communicator should be ethics have to be ethical o Plagiarism occurs when a speaker used the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator o Fabrication making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true Analyzing the Parameters of Speeches To give effective speeches analyze them in two stages o Prior analysis before the speech is given Majority of the work takes place there Audience analysis assembling the demographic psychographic and rhetorographic characteristics of audience Demographics based on descriptions and backgrounds age gender religion ethnicity education occupation and race Psychographics audience s attitudes and beliefs predisposed attitudes conservative liberal political o Place time and emotional climate effect Process pick a topic then use the audience analyses Language selection is important because has to be geared Statement of central idea defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the included material Centers on what you want the audience to know to be able to do to believe and consists of three parts usually o Goal expected outcome inform persuade o Topic subject should be state as soon as possible o Method how you plan to approach presentation Many key words help express central ideas o Informative explain summarize describe etc o Persuasive accept support agree serve share etc o Process analysis observing the audience for feedback Always be prepared for audience s feedback and analyze it Verbal interruptions aren t typical nonverbal cues are more common that show attentiveness agreement boredom cough meter Ways to adapt to the feedback Should add illustrations clarify terms restate ideas to help change volume of voice use pauses ask questions at the end o Post speech analysis paying attention to the reactions after speech Enables you to determine how your speech affected the audience which offers you information for presenting your future speeches Easy ways question answer opinion polls tests follow up Modes of Presentation Four basic modes of speech presentation the preparation method and reference aids to be used during the speech o Impromptu o Extemporaneous this presenting Speaker used information acquired from experience speaks with little or no preparation and organizes ideas while communicating Represents a speaker s true feelings and thoughts because so little time is available to develop defenses and strategies Disadvantages can t use statistics illustrations a lot and run into saying you know and stuff like that oral uncertainty Ad Lib Speaking speaker has no time to organize ideas and responds immediately when answering a question volunteering an opinion or interacting during question answer very spontaneous People who have more time to prepare for their presentations use Develop a set of talking points notes outline to assist in Advantages time to find the information needed use of quotations refer to notes or outlines statistics and back up Disadvantages need to practice or else will get mentally lost fail to interact with the audience no permanent written record Speech planning brief framework used to think through process Speech presentation outline flesh out the outline with examples and illustrations and write in internal summaries and forecasts Outlining clear step by step structure of what will be said in what order list headings and subordinate points in order Parallelism computers users to compute to program Coordination A is equal to a B 1 is to a 2 Subordination A 1 2 B 1 2 Division detail the major ideas by adding clarifiers examples etc having sub ideas a b c d o Manuscript Form most important because need to be consistent Topic words or phrases that has no little punctuation Sentence has complete sentences and punctuation Other guidelines have internal summaries forecasts avoid over outlining wrote notes in the margins Mind mapping method of arranging materials visually rather than in list form diagrams uses circles and arrows Material is written out and delivered word for word Advantages providing accurate language and solid organization gives them a permanent record of speech Disadvantages speaker cannot easily adapt to suit the audience adapt to feedback requires ability to read well Listener only has one chance to receive understand and interpret the oral message so you should write as you would talk so it s easy to understand o Memorized memory Speech is written out word for word and then committed to Generally disastrous because so concentrated on exact wording and examples and disadvantages are greater than advantages
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