Approximately 45 questions 75 total on the exam will be from the last 3 chapters covered in class personality psychological disorders and psychological therapies This material is NOT covered in this study guide You should prepare for this part of the exam in the same way you prepared for exams 1 3 Exam 1 Material Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology Who are Wundt Tichener James and Wertheimer FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY o Wilheim Wundt Father of Psychology 2 Reasons First attempt to bring objectivity measurement in psychology Founded the first experimental psychology laboratory Used objective introspection to study processes that were the result of physical sensations Objective Introspection is the idea that he was teaching people to observe what is going on in their mind and describe it in very technical ways under controlled conditions o Tichener He was the first to argue that the mind could be examined both scientifically and objectively STRUCTURALISM Student of Wundt expanded on his ideas Translated many of Wundt s works into English Study consciousness by trying to understand its smallest most basic Structuralism elements break consciousness up into it s smallest elements to try to understand it Applied introspection method to thoughts as well as physical sensations o Wertheimer GESTALT Gestalt Psychology Reaction to structuralism in a different way we perceive things as one big whole The whole is greater than the sum of its parts Did not believe that psychological events could be broken down into smaller elements could only be understood as a whole entrie event has influenced field of cognitive psychology and a form of psychological therapy Gestalt therapy How we experience the world What are the differences between psychologists and psychiatrists o Psychologists Has no medical training but has a doctoral degree Ph D works with humans or animals in a variety of settings based on their area of specialization Must be licensed to practice independently typically doesn t prescribe medications but can go through special training in some states to be able to do so o Psychiatrists MEDICAL DOCTOR can prescribe medications who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders o Psychiatrist M D gives medicine Psychologist no medicine doctoral degree o Are all psychologists therapists NO Many participate in delivering therapy but there is nearly an equal number of psychologists who do other tasks Not all are trained to do counseling Psychologists in counseling specialization must also be licensed to practice in their states o Do all therapists have doctoral degrees No What does it mean to say something is correlated with something else o Correlation is the measure of a relationship between two variables Variable anything that can change or vary Measures of the two variables go into a math equation and produce a correlation coefficient that tells us two things The direction of the relationship sign negative positive o Positive Correlation o Negative Correlation Variables move together up up down down variables move opposite up down down up The strength of the relationship NUMBER o This is how strongly connected the variables are o Higher the the stronger the relationship Range is 1 to 1 o Correlation does NOT prove causation o Which of these correlations is the largest 0 25 0 75 0 65 0 01 The sign tells you the direction the number tells you how big it is so ignore the sign look at the biggest bigger bigger correlation o Which of these would indicate the weakest relationship 1 04 0 01 0 89 0 98 What special kind of conclusion can we make based on an experiment that we can t make with other types of research designs See below the answer is cause and effect relationships o What features of experiments allow us to make that type of conclusion See below Be able to identify dependent and independent variables if I give you an example of an experiment o Experiments A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships Independent Variable IV The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter Dependent Variable DV What is the purpose of random assignment and control groups in experimental designs The variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment o Control Group Subjects in this group either get no treatment or some kind of treatment that has no effect like a placebo The purpose of this group is that it is used to control for the possibility that other factors might be causing the effect that is being examined Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition o Random Assignment Random assignment of participants to one or the other condition is the best way to ensure control over other interfering or extraneous variables Chapter 2 The Biological Perspective Know and be able to differentiate between the divisions of the nervous system What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system Both are part of the Autonomic Nervous System o Sympathetic Nervous System Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress o Parasympathetic Nervous System Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions saves energy responsible for returning the body to normal after a stressful situation Central vs peripheral Central Nervous System CNS The brain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Transmits information to and from the CNS contains the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System here you find Sympatheic and Parasympathetic NSs What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist o Agonist EXCITATORY A chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a o Antagonist INHIBITORY A chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter neurotransmitter How are the endocrine system and nervous system similar How are they different Endocrine System Nervous System Similarity Produce molecules that act elsewhere in the body Use Hormones Use Neurotransmitters Take longer to act via the blood stream Electrical current takes fractions of a Effects last longer Effects are more transient shorter second What is the purpose of EEG ERP MRI and fMRI o Electroencephalogram EEG You re put in a cap with electrodes measure electrical signal that diffuses across your scalp it s a continuous signal a
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