PSYC 2000 section 04 5 Fall 2015 Exam 2 Ch4 10 questions Circadian rhythm Activation synthesis hypothesis Adaptive theory Sleep is the product of evolution It s to avoid attracting nocturnal predators Restorative theory Sleep is necessary for our physical health and it regenerates and restores REM Rapid eye movement Active sleep dreams voluntary muscles are paralyzed Sleepwalking is a result of a malfunction in sleep paralysis Amount of sleep We normally sleep 6 8 hours Babies sleep more than older people Stages of sleep N1 light sleep May experience Hypnagogic images hallucinations or vivid visual events Hypnic jerks knees legs or whole body jerks If woken you are not aware you were sleeping N2 sleep spindles Sleep spindles brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two If woken you are awake you were sleeping N3 deep sleep Deepest sleep Body at the lowest level of functioning Time at which growth occurs REM Paradoxical sleep because brain isn t really sleeping Body temp raises to almost waking eye lids move heart rate increases Brain activity similar to waking brain activity Where 90 of dreams take place REM paralysis voluntary muscles paralyzed Melatonin Drug tolerance Stimulants depressants Consciousness consciousness is our awareness of everything around us and inside of our minds at any given moment in time It organizes behavior thoughts sensations and feelings Ch5 11 questions Classical conditioning Learning to make a reflex involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces reflex Operant conditioning Voluntary Operant conditioning is the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences CS Conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus able to produce a learned response by being paired with an unconditioned stimulus example the bell during the experiment US Unconditioned stimulus which is a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response unlearned example dog food CR Conditioned response which is learned involuntary response to a conditioned stimulus Example drooling for the bell UR Unconditioned response which is a natural response to an unconditioned stimulus example drooling for the food Reinforcement Any event or stimuli that when following a behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again Negative Reinforcement Removal of unpleasant stimuli Positive Reinforcement Addition of pleasurable stimuli Punishment Any event or stimuli that when following a behavior makes that behavior less likely to be repeated Schedules of reinforcement Partial after some but not all much more effective than continuous Continuous after every correct response Interval time dependent Ratio dependent on number of behaviors responses Fixed or Variable i e fixed interval pay day exams fixed ratio coupon cards variable interval pop quizzes variable ratio strongest slot machine Partial reinforcement effect Pavlov Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied the digestive system of dogs and measured salvation based on different responses Skinner Built on Thorndike s work Rats and pigeons pulled the lever for food shock Tolman Bandura Learning Observational learning Watch a model and learn Bandura s bobo doll violent media exposure effects For observational learning to take place you need A Attention they must watch carefully B Memory retain what they observed C Imitation they must be capable of reproducing what they saw D Motivation the desire to perform what they saw Ch6 15 questions Explicit implicit memory Implicit memory is procedural memory which is knowledge of behavior skills gained through practice It is not necessarily tied to verbal description like classical conditioning Examples are riding a bike and tying a shoe Explicit memory which is declarative includes episodic and semantic memory Interference proactive retroactive Serial position curve The primacy effect if high recollection of first images The Regency effect is high medium recollection of last images Sensory memory Holds information in a relatively raw state for a shirt time after the physical stimulus is no longer avoidable but before this information is interpreted further up in the cognitive system It s important because of the integration of information and the selection of information Sensory memory has the iconic store and the echoic store The iconic store is the sensory store for our vision and the echoic store is the sensory store for our auditory system Selection is both voluntary and involuntary The iconic store was researched by Sterling in 1960 and his results showed that the iconic store is transient decaying to less than 50 of peak performance within one second The echoic store captures all information coming into the auditory sense and stores it for a brief period of time It also integrates and selects information The Cocktail party effect is when you can focus until some auditory stimuli grabs your attention uncontrollably STM The short term memory hold information we are conscious of and can rehearse is controlled processes and it is where all thinking occurs The capacity of the STM is between 5 9 and the durability is 15 30 seconds without rehearsal The Miller Experiment was experimentation with random letter memorization and acronym association The units of short term memory are chunks Chunks are unitized chunks of information or familiar patterns that are recognized as a unit during perception Retrieval failure in long term and short term memory is responsible for forgetting Steve Faloon was the only participant with improved memorization He used prior sports knowledge to help him associate large chunks of numbers LTM Has explicit and implicit memory The capacity of the LTM of infinite and the durability is permanent You organize it into concepts categories and schemas Sparling s study Sparling found the iconic store in 1960 and his results showed that the iconic store is transient decaying to less than 50 of peak performance within 1 second Episodic memory Memory for particular events or episodes Repisodic memory A repisodic memory is when you have a fully detailed memory of something that didn t actually happen Rehearsal Misinformation effect The misinformation effect is the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter memory of the event An example is showing a video then asking tricky questions Context effects encoding specificity Encoding
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