Functional Anatomy and Physiological Lab PET3322L Exam 1 Study Guide Contains information taken directly from Mr Worts s PowerPoint slides Week 2 Anatomical References and Axial Skeleton Body erect face forward feet together palms Anatomical Position face forward Body Positions Supine lying face upward Prone lying face downward Directional Terms Superior Cephalic vs Inferior Caudal toward or away from the head Medial vs Lateral relative to the midline Proximal vs Distal used to describe linear structures Superficial vs Deep relative to the surface of the body Planes Anterior Ventral vs Posterior Dorsal Anterior is forward posterior is toward the back Median through the midline and Sagittal same plane but to the left or right of median Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections Oblique Other than at a right angle Abdominal Subdivisions Right Upper Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant Liver Right Kidney Pancreas Gallbladder Liver Spleen Left Kidney Pancreas Stomach Right Lower Quadrant Right Kidney Ureter Appendix Left Lower Quadrant Left Kidney Ureter Bone Anatomy Long Ex Upper and lower limbs Long with a thick compact bone exterior Short Ex Carpals and tarsals Flat Ex Ribs sternum skull scapulae Irregular Ex Vertebrae facial Cortical Hard exterior Trabecular Spongy interior osteoporosis strikes first Sesamoid bones also help with mechanics Angle of pull Small bones that develop in tendons extra bones that have a role in protection Structure of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft compact bone Epiphysis End of the bone spongy bone Epiphyseal plate growth plate Hyaline cartilage present until growth stops Epiphyseal line bone stops growing in length Medullary cavity In children medullary cavity is red marrow gradually changes to yellow in limb bones and skull except for epiphyses of long bones Rest of skeleton is red Lined with endosteum Yellow marrow is found within medullary cavity Periosteum covers bone everywhere but the joint Outer is fibrous Inner is single layer of bone cells including osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteochondral progenitor cells Fibers of tendon become continuous with fibers of periosteum Red marrow is found within cavities of spongy bone and produces RBCs WBCs platelets Support protection movement storage Ca P and fat and blood cell production Functions of Bone Sinuses allow for maintenance balance for pressure runoff for fluids and reduces the total weight of the skull Vertebral Column Functions Supports weight of head and trunk Protects the spinal cord Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord Provides site for muscle attachment Permits movement of head and trunk Regions Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral bone fused 5 Coccygeal bone fused 4 or 5 Vertebral Column Four major curvatures in adults Cervical anterior Thoracic posterior Lumbar anterior Sacral and coccygeal posterior At birth column is C shaped When sitting and walking begin lumbar curve develops Abnormal curvatures Hyperlordosis Exaggeration of lumbar Hyperkyphosis Exaggeration of thoracic Scoliosis Lateral often accompanied by kyphosis Lordosis Curve pointing towards anterior Kyphosis Curve pointing towards posterior Cervical vertebrae facture spinal cord injury keeping head up gives your spine its maximum flexibility in order to absorb impact Cervical Vertebrae C2 axis contains the dens which allows the atlas to rotate around the axis Atlas first cervical vertebra Articulates with skull and allows yes movement No body and no spinous process Axis second cervical vertebra Dens or odontoid process extends superiorly into the vertebral foramen of the atlas Allows rotation of the atlas on the axis the no movement Thoracic Vertebrae Long thin spinous processes directed inferiorly Long transverse processes Articular facets on transverse processes for ribs first 10 thoracic vertebrae Facets on body for articulation with ribs Most ribs have heads that articulate with two sequential vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Large thick bodies Heavy rectangular transverse and spinous processes Superior articular facets face medially inferior articular facets face laterally Adds strength Limits rotation Herniated or Ruptured Disk Breakage or ballooning of the annulus fibrosus with a partial or complete release of the nucleus pulposus May push against spinal nerves impairing function and causing pain Sternum Manubrium Rib Cage Articulates with first rib and clavicle Jugular notch superiorly Sternal angle point where manubrium joins body Second rib articulates here Body third through seventh ribs articulate Also called gladiolus Xiphoid process inferior tip Cervical rib Less than 1 of population C7 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Functions Protects vital organs Forms semi rigid chamber for respiration Parts Thoracic vertebrae Ribs 12 pair True or Vertebrosternal superior seven Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages False inferior five o Vertebrochondral 3 joined by common cartilage to sternum o Floating or vertebral 2 do not attach to sternum Articles Injury Identification Direct quotes from http www medicalnewstoday com releases 281607 php Healthy Aging algorithms to identify weak spots in tendons muscles and bones prone to tearing or breaking that may help pinpoint minor strains and tiny injuries in the body s tissues long before bigger problems occur developed a way to visualize and even predict spots where tissues are also could help engineers identify vulnerable parts of buildings and other weakened structures Being physically active may significantly improve musculoskeletal and overall health and minimize or delay the effects of aging The positive effects of physical activity on maintaining bone density muscle mass ligament and tendon function and cartilage volume are keys to optimal physical function and health Recommendations Resistance training Prolonged intense resistance training can increase muscle strength lean muscle and bone mass and reduce fat mass Endurance training Sustained and at least moderately intensive aerobic training promotes heart health increases oxygen consumption and has been linked to other musculoskeletal benefits including less accumulation of fat mass maintenance of muscle strength and cartilage volumes Flexibility and balance Flexibility exercises are strongly recommended for active older adults to maintain range of motion optimize performance and limit injury The study also recommends proper nutrition