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The Brain and Cranial Nerves 3 Major Parts 1 Cerebrum a Have elevations called gyrus and depression called sulcus i Longitudinal Fissure Sulcus that divides right and left hemispheres of brain b Consists of and outer cerebral cortex an internal region of cerebral white matter and Responsible for communication between the hemispheres gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter c Corpus Callosum d Cerebral Lobes i Frontal ii Parietal iii Occipital iv Temporal named after the bones which lie over them Motor information planning judgment Integrates incoming sensory information Vision Hearing info many others e Central Sulcus Middle of cerebrum divides parietal and frontal lobe Divider of sensory and motor information Motor anterior to it Sensory posterior to it 5th part of the cerebrum the insula cannot be seen at the surface of the brain because it lies within the lateral cerebral sulcus f 2 Cerebellum responsible for skeletal muscle movements i Separated from the cerebrum by the transverse fissure 3 Brain Stem 3 subparts a Medulla Oblongata responsible for most cardiovascular functions most inferior i Emerging from the lateral medulla posterior to the olive in descending order are the glossopharyngeal nerves IX the vagus nerves X and the bulbar accessory nerves XI The hypoglossal nerves XII emerge from the lateral medulla anterior to the olive in middle bridge for skeletal muscle information coming in and out of b Pons cerebellum Helps M O with respiration c Midbrain Superior Visual Auditory reflex center ventricle i Cerebral Aqueduct passes through midbrain connecting the 3rd and 4th Diencephalon Link between 3 parts of the brain Made up of Anterior close to pituitary gland Relay station for smell function for In middle Relay station for all sensory information except for smell a Basal Ganglia helps coordinate slow sustained movements lateral to thalamus Most dorsal part responsible for sleep wake cycles Contains the Pineal gland 1 Hypothalamus homeostasis 2 Thalamus 3 Epithalamus which releases melatonin Cranial Meninges protective coverings of brain 3 types 1 Dura Mater tough outer layer a Falx Cerebri Falx Cerebelli and Tentorium Cerebelli i Falx Cerebri fold of dura mater that descends vertically in longitudinal fissure separates two cerebral hemispheres ii Falx Cerebelli small triangular process that separates 2 cerebellar hemispheres 2 Arachnoid Mater 3 Pia Mater Located in the transverse fissure Spidery thin delicate Cerebrospinal Fluid nourishes brain tissue provides protection made in between arachnoid pia mater called the subarachnoid space Ventricles have specialized cells that make cerebrospinal fluid 2 lateral 3rd and 4th ventricle Cranial Nerves OOOTTAFVGVAH is Oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah heaven I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Olfactory Nerve Sense of smell sensory Optic Nerve sense of sight sensory Oculomotor Nerve innervate extraocular muscles to move eyes facilitates pupillary constriction motor Trochlear Nerve innervate extraocular muscles to move eyes superior oblique muscle motor Trigeminal Nerve Sensations in face biting chewing sensory motor Abducens Nerve innervate extraocular muscles to move eyes lateral rectus muscle motor Facial Nerve facial expression taste anterior 2 3 of tongue sensory motor Vestibulocochlear Nerve acoustic senses sound sensory Glossopharyngeal Nerve taste from posterior 1 3 tongue sensory motor Vagus Nerve Main PS nerve Controls heartbeat breathing a lot more sensory motor Accessory Nerve Controls shoulder and neck motor Hypoglossal Nerve controls tongue movement swallowing speech motor The Endocrine System the Heart Major Endocrine Organs Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus gland Adrenal Glands Pancreas Ovaries Testes Pituitary Gland Called the Master Endocrine Gland because it regulates the activities of other hormone realeasing glands Stimulated by the hypothalamus which releases pre hormones anterior posterior The infundibulum connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus Anterior Glandular tissue o GH somatotropin TSH LH FSH PRL ACTH Posterior Neurohormones storage area o Oxytocin and ADH Hypothalamus Releasing hormones TRH GHRH GnRH CRH Inhibiting hormones Somatostatin Dopamine Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands PTH Pancreas Adrenal Glands Insulin Beta Cells Glucagon Alpha Cells o Opposes PTH stimulates osteoblasts TH Stimulates glucose oxidation o Most important hormone in calcium regulation stimulates osteoclasts Medulla Nervous tissue interior to adrenal cortex releases catecholamines NE E Cortex Corticosteroids separated into 3 zones Zona Glomerulosa most superior secretes mineralcorticoids o Aldosterone promotes Na and H20 retention reg BP BV Zona Fasciculata middle secretes glucocorticoids o Cortisol gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis increase blood sugar Zona Reticularis bottom secretes androgens o Estrogen Progesterone ovaries growth development o Testosterone in males testis Pineal Gland Thymus Controls sleep wake cycle secretes melatonin Peptide hormones that influence normal T cell development Blood Flow through Heart Superior inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta Auricles are extra covering of the atria seen when dissecting the heart Pericardium outer layer of muscle tissue Heart Wall made of visceral layer of the serous pericardium Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium the contractile layer endothelial layer that is continuous with the blood vessels Chordae Tendineae open and close the AV valves attached to papillary muscle in heart The Cardiac Cycle Blood Pressure Major Vessels Pulmonary Circulation lungs and Systemic Circulation rest of body Important arteries respective veins to know carotid brachiocephalic subclavian renal iliac femoral celiac trunk brachial radial and aortic arch Inferior Vena Cava brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the lower body Arteries under more pressure thicker than veins blood from heart then out usually oxygenated further away they are the less pressure they have Renal Artery supply to kidney Gastroduodenal artery blood to stomach small intestine Abdominal aorta continuation of the thoracic aorta splits into R L Iliac arteries Celiac trunk divides into 3 arteries supplies liver spleen stomach Short branch off of the abdominal aorta blood to stomach


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FSU PET 3322L - The Brain and Cranial Nerves

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