Chapter 1 Evolution The themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings Evolution to the diverse amount of organisms found worldwide today Biology Biological properties of life the scientific study of life o 1 Order o 2 Energy Processing o 3 Energy Adaptation Evolution Natural Selection o 4 Growth and Development o 5 Regulation Ex animals have the ability to control their temperature o 6 Response to the environment Ex Stimulus and Response o 7 Reproduction Levels of Biological Organization global view o Biosphere o Ecosystems all living and nonliving things in an area o Communities all organisms that inhabit an ecosystem community set of populations o Populations certain species within a community o Organisms individual living things o Organs and Organ Systems body part with specific functions these body parts working together o Tissues group of cells with specialized function o Cells fundamental unit of structure and function in life o Organelles various functional components in a cell o Molecules chemical structure with two or more atoms Reductionism Emergent Properties Systems biology Cell reducing complex systems to simpler components properties that emerge at each level of biological organization the exploration of a biological system by analyzing interaction among its parts the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Membrane enclosed organelles Nucleus that is membrane enclosed and holds DNA All forms of life are Eukaryotic except for bacteria and Archean So all Plant and Animal Cells Generally larger than prokaryotic Bacteria and Archean only Lacks membrane and membrane bound organelles Generally smaller than Eukaryotic No nucleus and so the DNA not in nucleus Chromosomes contain DNA o DNA deoxyribonucleic acid inside chromosomes holds genetic info Genes section of DNA of the chromosome Nucleotides ATCG sequences of these encode the information in the gene Gene Expression Genome Genomics Proteomics Proteome Bioinformatics the transfer of information from a gene results in a functional protein the entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits study whole set of genes in one or more species rather than 1 gene at a time the study of sets of proteins the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells use of computational tools to store organize and analyze huge volumes of data Energy and Matter o Producers plants o Consumers feed on producers other consumers o Energy flows one way through the ecosystem Sun plants producers consumers animals energy expended from ecosystem o Chemicals are recycled within the ecosystem Chemicals used by plant to grow bug eats plant bug dies and decomposes in dirt plant uses chemicals to grow Evolution o Accounts for the diversity of life o Accounts for the unity of life o Explains evolutionary adaptation the match of organisms to the environment Classification o Taxonomy o Classification system branch of biology that names and classifies species Species genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdoms Domains o 1 Bacteria Prokaryotic Most diverse and widespread rodlike Prokaryotic Extreme environments round o 2 Archae o 3 Eurkarya Eukaryotic Has Kingdoms Kingdoms Plantae Fungi Animalia and Protists unicellular and some simple multicellular most common eukarya History o Charles Darwin wrote the origin of species 2 Points 1 Evolution 2 Evolution happens through natural selection the mechanism of evolutionary adaptation A population of organisms has hereditary variation the population also has overproduction of offspring This leads to competition among organisms The competition and hereditary variances make it so that different organisms survive the ones that have the better hereditary variances so these differences are passed to the next generation Evolutionary Adaptation has occurred through natural selection way of knowing and approaching the natural world a search for information and explanations of natural phenomena recorded observations qualitative and quantitative Data Science Inquiry Inductive reasoning observations type of logic where we derive generalizations from a large of specific tentative answer testable explanation on trial scientific test carried out under controlled conditions Hypothesis Experiment Deductive reasoning specific opposite of inductive reasoning which is specific general logic that flows general to s more realistic model of the scientific method shows three main categories Exploration and discovery Forming and testing hypotheses core idea Community analysis and feedback Societal benefits and outcomes o Movement can occur between any of these steps in any order instead of the traditional one way model of the scientific process o This model is more realistic and offers more flexibility manipulation of one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing it Experiment Variables Controlled experiment factors that vary in an experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group o Control constant Ex trying to determine whether white or black mice are eaten more in the desert a scientist puts out black and white colored mice in the ecosystem The white mice that normally live there are the control factor manipulated factor measured Dependent variable Model organism Independent variable Theory questions being investigated broader more general than hypothesis supported with evidence a species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the Goal of science understand phenomena Goal of technology apply phenomena Science is a social activity and diversity within it is beneficial to everyone