BIOL-L 112 1nd Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Protein StructureA. Primary StructureB. Secondary StructureC. Tertiary StructureD. Quaternary StructureII. Protein Folding in the CellIII. Nucleic AcidsIV. DNAV. RNAOutline of Current Lecture I. NutritionII. Essential NutrientsA. Essential Amino AcidsB. Essential Fatty AcidsC. Essential VitaminsD. Essential MineralsIII. MalnutritionA. UndernutritionB. Essential Nutrients DeficienciesIV. Introduction to the Four Stages of Food ProcessingCurrent LectureI. Nutrition is defined as the process by which food is obtained by the body and used for health and growth. Animals have a variety of diets, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Herbivores eat plants and algae; carnivores eat other animals; omnivores eatplants, algae, and other animals. Most animals are opportunistic feeders, meaning they will go beyond their standard diets in times where those foods are not available. Animalsmust ingest and digest food in order to provide fuel for the body. This fuel, ATP, comes from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Ingesting and digesting is also necessary for generating raw materials that are needed for the synthesis of larger molecules. Since animals are not photosynthetic, they must have an outside source of carbons to make These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.the large molecules. Essential nutrients that the body does not have biological pathways to make are also obtained from ingesting and digesting. II. Essential nutrients are nutrients that cells are necessary for diet but cannot be synthesized. The four types are amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. They play different roles in biosynthetic reactions within cells such as substrates of enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors. Together, the essential nutrients allow for pathways to work better. A. Human adults need 8 essential amino acids in their diets. 6 of them are found in corn or other grains, and 7 of them are found in beans. All 8 amino acids are found in eggs, meats, and cheeses. Babies need all 8 of these and an additional amino acid: histidine. B. Animal cells need essential fatty acids that they cannot synthesize. An example ofthis is linoleic acid, which is found in grains, seeds, and vegetables. C. Animal cells need 13 essential vitamins that they are unable to synthesize. Vitamins that are water soluble and hydrophilic have a dietary source of meats, eggs, and dairy products. They function to produce nucleic acids and red blood cells, which allows for the transport of oxygen. Symptoms of deficiency are anemia, numbness, and loss of balance. Vitamins that are fat soluble and hydrophobic, such as Vitamin D, have a dietary source of dairy products, egg yolk, and sunlight in order to help with synthesis. They function to absorb and use calcium and phosphorous. Symptoms of deficiency are rickets in children andbone softening in adults. D. Animal cells in small amounts need essential minerals. They include calcium, sodium, chloride, and iodine. These minerals are harmful if they are consumed inexcess. The American diet is said to have 20 times too much salt, which is thought to contribute to high blood pressure. However, deficiencies in these minerals also have negative effects. For example, a deficiency in iodine causes goiters, which are enlarged thyroid glands. III. Malnutrition is the failure to obtain adequate nutrition and is caused by either undernutrition or deficiencies in nutrients. A. Undernutrition results from diets that consistently supply less chemical energy than the body actually needs. The body first uses the energy that was stores in fats and carbohydrates, and then uses proteins for fuel if those are not enough. This causes a decrease in muscle and eventually results in death from a protein deficiency in the brain if undernutrition is prolonged. Two examples of undernutrition are involuntary hunger (due to wars, droughts, etc.) and voluntaryhunger (eating disorders). B. Essential nutrient deficiencies occur when one has an adequate diet and food supply but it lacks the essential nutrients. This can cause deformities, disease,and even death. An example of a nutrient deficiency is a lack of Vitamin A, which causes blindness and/or death. IV. Processing food occurs in four stages within the body. These four stages are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Ingestion is the act of eating; digestion occurs mechanically and chemically when the food is broken down into smaller molecules for the body to absorb; absorption is the uptake of small molecules into the bloodstream or lymph vessels; elimination is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system. The human digestive system is made up from the alimentary canal and the accessory organs. Food moves down the alimentary canal by peristalsis, which is the contraction and relaxation of smooth