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IUB BIOL-L 112 - Importance of Carbon in Organic Molecules

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BIOL-L 112 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Four Emergent Properties of Water (Continued) A. Water Expands Upon FreezingB. Water is a Versatile SolventII. Acids and BasesOutline of Current Lecture I. Carbon BondingII. HydrocarbonsIII. IsomersA. Importance of EnantiomersIV. Functional groupsA. Seven Important Functional GroupsCurrent LectureI. Carbon is responsible for much of the diversity in life and plays a large part in molecules such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. There are 6 electrons and protons present in a neutral carbon atom. Carbon has 4 valence electrons (unpaired electrons required to complete the atom’s outermost shell). Because carbon has 4 valence electrons, it can form 4 covalent bonds. When carbon bonds covalently with atoms, the 3-D shape of the molecule is important for its function. Four major atoms that make up organic molecules are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. II. Hydrocarbons are molecules composed only of non-polar covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen. They can vary in length and shape and they are NOT prevalent in living organisms. Hydrocarbons are very hydrophobic because of their non-polar characteristics. They are important because they are able to react and release very large amounts of energy.III. Isomers are defined as compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. Three types of isomers are structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but havedifferent covalent arrangements of their atoms. Cis-trans isomers have the same arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements around a double bond. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Enantiomers are mirror images of each other and contain an asymmetric carbon atom. This means that the carbon atom is bonded to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms. Even though enantiomers look very similar to each other, their functions can differ greatly. - Example: In the common drug Ibuprofen, the S-enantiomer is 100 times more effective than the R-enantiomer. In Albuterol, the S-enantiomer actually counteracts the beneficial effects of the R-enantiomer. Therefore, only the R-enantiomer of Albuterol is sold.IV. Functional groups are chemical groups that are attached to the main carbon skeleton of a molecule. Their arrangement within a molecule also greatly impacts the function of the molecule. A. Seven functional groups that are the most important and their tendencies in water:- Hydroxyl (-OH): Hydrophilic- Carbonyl (-CO): Hydrophilic- Carboxyl (-COOH): Hydrophilic, acts as an acid- Amine (-NH2): Hydrophilic, acts as a base- Sulfhydryl (-SH): Hydrophobic- Phosphate (-PO4): Hydrophilic- Methyl (-CH3):


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IUB BIOL-L 112 - Importance of Carbon in Organic Molecules

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