Chapter 10 Emotional regulation is the expression of emotions preeminent psychosocial accomplishment Initiative versus guilt Erikson s third developmental stage is when pride emerges from the acquisition of the skills and competencies Self concept is an understanding of the self which usually includes gender and size Protective optimism is the thought that young children have where they are confident that their Imaginary friends exist only in the child s imagination good qualities will endure and that bad qualities will disappear Intrinsic motivation occurs when people do something for the joy of doing it Extrinsic motivation comes from the outside when people do something to gain praise Psychopathology is an illness or disorder of the mind that developmentalists seek to prevent Externalizing problems is when people s powerful feelings burst out uncontrollably Internalizing problems is when people are fearful and withdrawn turning distress inward Girls usually develop emotional regulation ahead of boys evident with externalizing emotions Emotional regulation requires thinking before acting occurs in the prefrontal cortex executive area of the brain which regulated the limbic system where powerful emotions form Mistreated boys are more likely to externalize and mistreated girls to internalize probably genetic Young children play best with peers people of about the same age and social status Children create dramas that reflect their culture and play games that have been passed down from older generations it teaches them values and skills in particular contexts 5 kinds of play Solitary play child plays alone unaware of other children playing nearby Onlooker play child watches other children play Parallel play children play with similar toys in similar ways but not together Associative play children interact observing one another and sharing material Cooperative play children play together creating dramas or taking turns Children need physical activity to develop muscle strength and control Rough and tumble form of active play that looks rough cause children tumble over one another Sociodramatic play is a major type of active play where children act out various roles and plots taking on any identity role or activity that they choose It allows children to explore and rehearse social roles learn how to explain their ideas and convince playmates to agree practice emotional regulation by pretending to be afraid angry brave and so on and develop self concept in a nonthreatening context Parents differ on expression of warmth strategies for discipline communication and expectations Authoritarian parenting is when parent s word is law not to be questioned strict punishment for maturity clear rules and high standards Permissive parenting is when parents make few demands discipline is lax nurturing and accepting helpful and listen to whatever their offspring say Authoritative parenting is when parents set limits and enforce rules but they also listen to their children encourage maturity but they usually forgive consider them guides Neglectful uninvolved parenting is when parents are strikingly unaware of what their children are doing seem to care but permissive parents are very involved in their children s lives All media television internet games can be harmful especially when the content is violent Nature perspective suggests that morality is genetic an outgrowth of natural bonding attachment Nurture perspective contends that culture is crucial as children learn the values of their and cognitive maturation community Empathy is an understanding of other people s feelings and concerns Antipathy is dislike or even hatred Prosocial behavior is extending helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit to oneself more a result of empathy than cognition more emotional understanding than theory of mind Antisocial behavior is deliberate hurtfulness or destructiveness aimed at another