Chapter 1 Textbook NotesContinuous thinking: - Gradually developing the same skills that we were born with- Infants have the same ways of perceiving things as we do they are just not fully developed and capable of understandingDiscontinuous thinking: - New ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times - Children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving- Stages: qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that classify different periods of development Plasticity: open to change in response to influential experiencesLifespan Perspective1. Development is Lifelong:- No single age period impacts the life course more than another- Within each age period changes occur physically, cognitively, and emotionally/socially2. Development is Multidimensional and multidirectional- Multidimensional: affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological, and social forces- Multidirectional: every period there is both growth and decline3. Development is Plastic- Plastic at all ages- Gradually becomes less plastic as capacity and opportunity for change are reduced4. Development is Influenced by Multiple, Interacting Forces- Influenced by biological, historical, social, and cultural forces that work together- Age-graded influences: events that are strongly related to age; e.g. walk around age 1, reach puberty around 12-14- History-graded influences: why people born around the same time tend to be alike in certain ways; e.g. war, epidemic, technological advances- Normative influence: typical average (age-graded & historical)- Nonnormative influences: events that are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable; have become more powerful than age-graded influences Normative Approach: (Hall and Gesell) measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development- Maturational process: development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automaticallyPsychoanalytic Perspective: - People move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations- Person’s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxietyFreud- Psychosexual theory: how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.- Id: basic biological needs and desires- Ego: rational, conscious part of personality emerges in early infancy- Superego: conscience, emerges from 3-6 - Oral Stage  Anal Stage  Phallic  Latency Stage  Genital StageErikson’s Theory:- Psychosocial theory: in addition to mediating between the id and superegos demands, the ego acquires attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society- Trust vs. Mistrust; Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt; Initiative vs. Guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority; Identity vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy vs. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. DespairPiaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory- Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their worlds- Sensorimotor: babies use senses and movements to explore the world- Preoperational: preschooler, symbolic but illogical thinking- Concrete Operational: organized, logical thinking - Formal Operational: abstract, systematic reasoning system Information Processing: the human mind is a symbol-manipulating system through which information flowsSociocultural Theory: focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation - Social interaction, in a certain way, is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s cultureBaby Boomers- A new baby was born every 8 seconds- Baby boomers comprise more than 80 million adults (most middle aged)- After a war the desire to make babies strengthens- Boomers searched for personal meaning, self-expression, and social responsibility- Baby boom women grew self-confidence and passed it on to the next generation- Influenced national policy in regards to gender and racial equality- Resist growing old, desire to control the physical changes of agingChapter 2 Textbook NotesPhenotypes: directly observable characteristics Genotypes: genetic information that influences all our unique characteristicsChromosomes: store and transmit genetic information- Made up of chemical substance DNAGene: segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome; 20,000 to 25,000 along the human chromosomesMitosis: DNA duplicates itself; how a one-celled fertilized ovum can become a complex human beingMeiosis: halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells; cell division processin which gametes are formedGametes: sex cells; sperm and ovum- When they unite at conception the resulting cell is a zygoteAutosomes: 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, not sex chromosomesSex chromosomes: the 23rd pair of chromosomes, females XX vs. males XYFraternal (dizygotic) twins: most common type of multiple offspring, results from the release andfertilization of two ova; no more alike than regular siblingsIdentical (monozygotic) twins: zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals; have the same genetic makeupAllele: each form of a gene; two forms of each gene occur at the same place on each chromosome (one from mom one from dad) Homozygous: same allele from both mom and dadHeterozygous: different allele from mom and dad; relationship between the two determine the phenotype- Can be a carrier of a trait even if it is not expressedDominant-recessive inheritance: only the dominant allele affects the child’s characteristicsIncomplete dominance: both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait between the two (hazel eyes)X-linked inheritance: allele is carried on the X chromosome; males are more likely to be affectedGenomic imprinting: alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, so that one pair member is activated no matter what its makeup is; temporary- Prader-Willi Syndrome: a disorder with symptoms of mental retardation and severe obesity - Fragile X syndrome: most common inherited cause of mental retardation Mutation: sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA; can be caused by high levels of radiation- Germline mutation: takes place in cells that give rise to gametes - Somatic mutation: normal body cells mutate; occurs at any