Chapter 13 Identity versus inferiority during these years the child must forget the past hopes and wishes while his exuberant imagination is tamed and harnessed to the laws of impersonal things Around this time children judge themselves as whether they are competent or incompetent productive or useless winners or losers Latency time when emotional drives are quiet and unconscious sexual conflicts are submerged Self concept is their idea about themselves including their intelligence personality abilities gender and ethnic background Effortful control deliberately modifying one s impulses and emotions and a reduction of this leads to lower achievement and increased aggression Resilience is a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity It is not a stable trait is a positive adaptation to stress and significant Accumulated stress over time is more devastating than an isolated major stress Coping measures reduce the impact of repeated stress such as the child s own interpretation Cortisol the stress hormone increased in low income children if they interpreted events connected to their family s poverty as a personal threat and if the family lacked order and routines Parentification when the child acts as a parent trying take care of everyone including the parents Social support is a major factor that strengthens the ability to deal with stress Shared environment influences that arise from being in the same environment such as for two siblings living in one home raised by their parents Nonshared environment is the different experiences of two siblings Family structure refers to the legal and genetic connections among related people living in the same household and family function refers to how a family cares for its members Physical necessities learning self respect peer relationships and harmony and stability is what school age children s need Nuclear family is the arrangement where school age children live in two parent homes with their biological parents Single parent family where one parent supports the children and extended family a three generation family that usually includes grandparents and often aunts uncles and cousins Polygamous family is one husband with two or more wives is acceptable The income per child is reduced and education is limited Children in nuclear families tend to achieve better in school with fewer psychological problems and mutual affection encourages both partners to become wealthier and healthier than either would be alone Parental alliance is when the mother and father support each other in their mutual commitment Skipped generation family is when grandparents are the caretakers for children without parents Single parent structures function less well because income and stability tend to be reduced