BSCI330 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Frauwirth s Material Lecture 1 o Commonalities to all cells o Complex and organized o Have genetic program info tells how to function o Able to reproduce make duplicates of themselves o Cells do biochemistry have to use and acquire energy o Cells can do mechanical activities like moving chromosomes around in the cell o Cells regulate themselves o Evolution is occurring at the level of molecules themselves always subject to evolution and natural selection How evolution occurs in the cell o Accident in DNA o Duplication of genes because transposable elements o Genes can mutate themselves one stays same and other mutates divergence o Duplication divergence new functionalities added o Gene families Related genes with but different functions Know how gene mutations occur and how protein families arise How we visualize cells o Remember major microscopy techniques Light fl electron Strengths and weaknesses of each What makes each technique different from another Why electron microscopy greater resolution than one light o Variants in fl microscopy o Flow cytometer Not microscope technique Remember what it is Reviewing cells in real time as flow past laser beam what cellular properties can be visualized How go about preparing the cells for each of the above mentioned methods Basic Bio molecules that are building blocks for all things cellular o What properties for each one o How contribute to the cell o Engaging in lots of H bonding o Carbs good for energy storage and also support and o Can be added to other molecules to add recognition structure components Lipids o Components of cellular membrane o Charged or uncharged depending on head group o Non polar tail o Amphipathic Allows to assemble into membranes o Highly polar all lipids o Building of membranes that separate cells into different compartments o Amino acid charge in water functions o How charged positive and negative side groups effect o Should know VALINE is non polar o Think about special properties of negatively or positively charged amino acids o Work horses of the cell Nucleic acids o Highly charged molecules o Lots of negative charge because of the phosphate groups on the length of Na o Hydrophobic bases contribute to base pairing double helical structure of DNA so bases want to be on the interior and phosphate sugar backbone on exterior o Bases can H bond to each other o Highly important for information storage o Nucleotides also important for SHORT term energy transfer molecules Major membrane lipid which phospholipids in membrane and what their properties are is important o Which interior o Which exterior o Lipids but have proteins as well o What are the functions of the proteins in them Cell wall o Know basic structure components what do o Cellulose strength o Pectin tensile strength Nuclear structure o What component of nuclear structure o Transport of molecules into and out of nucleus o Structure of chromatin o How DNA gets packaged into cell o When tightly no access point for transcriptional material so has to be unpacked various different membranous organelles o Like ER o Ribosomes are non membranous organelles o Remind yourself on different organelles Central Dogma o Flow of information o How central is not quite as dogmatic Because RNA can also drive DNA Protein translation from nucleic acid to protein o Major steps o How regulated o For example use of GTP binding proteins to regulate steps of proteins binding in translation o If asks what is tertiary structure and what components contribute to it be able to talk about that for each structure secondary etc Remember that domains are a components of TERTIARY structure o Independently folding portions of proteins o Quaternary when separate peptide chains come together o Reactions regulate how fold What drives secondary tertiary etc What kinds of binding and interactions regulate functions Enzymes o Think about what they are o How speed up reactions o What properties allow them to speed up reactions o Can speed up reactions but cant effect basics Effect kinetics but not thermo cant produce more product for example o Chemical regulation of enzymes o How can generate directional movement Cytoskeleton o Three components of Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments o What each made of o How microtubules and microfilaments assemble and o Think about basic units off what regulates assembly and disassemble disassembly o Which smooth proteins regulate cytoskeleton elements o Directionality in movement Glycolysis and Crebs Cycle o How energy abstracted from glucose o What is significance is of glycolysis o How energy come from glycolysis and crebs o If you see this reaction what is coming out of it Is ATP generated Is it oxidizing Light and Dark Reactions of photosynthesis Transport o How regulated o Which organelles have proteins that have to go through membranes o Know different types and how work o Where each used o Where target organelles are that use those types of transport o Where targets are of regulatory machine o Gated vs vesicular transport o How recognize proteins to go in transmembrane transport o What used to tag them to go from one part of cell to another Jose s Material How DNA glycosylases act can remove abnormal bases o Could ask name base found on DNA could not be recognized by DNA glycosylases would not recognize as abnormal o Basically just know what normal bases are on DNA Last week there was a paper that said there are double stranded DNA in our body that don t have to know that o we are learning more about double stranded RNAS o CRISPR Made up of crispr genes Know about it itself These are antiviral mechanism in bacteria bacteria take piece of virus and out in specific place in their genome Cut the piece of DNA and put in genome Gives bacteria ability to recognize any piece of foreign DNA mRNA localization inside the cytoplasm o form of regulation from DNA to protein o Can have RNA in cytoplasm o Gets localized by microtubules in the cytoplasm or DNA randomly diffusing about everywhere but there are binding proteins where it is bound and kept and diffusion everywhere but can get really concentrated in one place and RNA destroyed elsewhere How does the RNA get where it needs to go o Outside of coding region have 3 stop codon o Bound sequences o If mutate three prime untranslated region then the RNA is diffused Cutting happens adjacent to protospacer R NA interference o You have long double stranded RNA o Then gets
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