KF Chapter 8 Feedback Rewards and Positive Reinforcement Feedback information about individual or collective performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation Functions of Feedback Instructional clarifies roles or teaches new behavior Motivational serves as a reward or promises a reward Sources of Feedback Others Task Self Upward Feedback stands the traditional approach on its head by having lower level employees provide feedback on a manger s style and performance 360 degree feedback letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific usually anonymous performance information from their manager subordinates and peers Total Rewards encompass not only compensation and benefits but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition job design and work life balance Extrinsic rewards financial material and social rewards Come from environment Intrinsic rewards psychic rewards self granted Pay for performance the popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to results or accomplishments Incentive or variable pay Merit pay bonuses profit sharing Gives employees incentives to work harder Thorndike s Law of Effect Law of effect behavior with favorable consequences tend to be repeated while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear Skinner s Operant Conditioning Model Respondent behavior unlearned reflexes or stimulus Cry at onions move hand when on hot stove Operant behavior behavior that is learned when one operates on the environment to produce desired consequences Increase Behaviors Positive Reinforcement the process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing add good Negative reinforcement strengthens a desired behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing take away bad Decrease Behaviors Punishment process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing or the contingent withdrawal of something positive add bad Extinction weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced take away good Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement every instance of a target behavior is reinforced Intermittent Reinforcement reinforcement of some but not all instances of target behavior Fixed ratio bonus certain Variable ratio slot machine about certain Fixed interval paycheck ever 20 days Variable interval on average every 20 days Shaping behavior the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior
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