1 To be conscious means to be aware Your sensations and perceptions of external events as well as your self awareness of Lecture 10 Sleep States of Consciousness Exam 3 Consciousness internal or mental events Altered states of consciousness o Sleep Why do we need sleep It is a biological necessity Leads to problems o Sleep deprivation o Trouble concentrating o Difficulty with motor control o Memory problems o Irritability o And death o Susceptible to microsleeps nodding of falling asleep for a few seconds o At risk for psychosis start seeing things Sleep is thought to restore and repair the body Follows an innate biological rhythm Sleep cycles EEG Roughly a 25 hour cycle follows light dark Awake beta waves alpha waves Stages waves are shown and o Stage 1 Irregular waves Light sleep Muscle relaxation Hypnic jerk snap out of it Sleep spindles Short bursts of brainwave activity o Stage 2 o Stage 3 o Stage 4 Delta waves Large and slow Deep sleep Dual process hypothesis of sleep States 1 4 cosidered non REM sleep NREM REM sleep rapid eye movement associated with dreams fast EEG similar to awake stage 1 paradoxical sleep o NREM calms the body down helps process events of the day o REM thought to sharpen memories problem solving skills 2 contributes to brain growth REM rebound dreams o Imagery emotion activated o Restricting REM sleep causes massively deep sleep increased Sleep problems Insomnia difficulty falling asleep staying asleep or both o Treatment Sleeping pills Problem dependence o Behavioral treatments Stimulus control Sleep restriction strict schedule Paradoxical intention telling yourself to fall asleep does not work so just stay up till you get tired Relaxation breathing and mediation to slow your Exercise if physically tired it will be easier to fall body down asleep Sleepwalking somnambulism o Other behaviors can occur while sleeping Examples Sleep talking Sleep sex Nightmares Sleep apnea Narcolepsy o During REM o Night terrors different from nightmares occur during stage 4 Body not immobilized o Breathing stops for 20s to 2 minutes o Brain stops sending signal to diaphragm to breathe Breathing mask weigh loss surgery o Sudden irresistible sleep attacks o Fall directly into REM sleep o Treatment Pharmacies drugs Dream theory What do dreams mean o Freud tried to figure out what dreams mean Psychodynamic theory Wrote Interpretation of Dreams 1900 Key ideas Dream symbols Wish fulfillment 3 Manifest vs latent meaning o Example dream where teeth fall out is a o Activation synthesis hypothesis fear of death Brain regions turn on during sleep to figure that out stored memories used to make sense of it Having people playing tetrus and they dream about the pieces try to synthesize some meaning o Neurocognitive dream theory A lot like thinking while awake but a little different persisting cortical activity minus sensory input causes dreams but no specific reason for them Difference from activation no sensory input Hypnosis Anton Mesmer 1900s o Mesmerize o Original pick up artist because he was ugly tried to pick up women o Hypnos means sleep State theorists ASC characterized by narrow focus and openness to suggestion Nonstate theorists hypnosis is a blend of conformity relaxation imagination and role playing Properties o Basic suggestion effect a tendency of hypnotized persons to do things as if they were involuntary o Hypnotic susceptibility how easy you could be hypnotized Clinical uses o Relaxation o Pain reduction o Therapeutic progress Meditation focuses attention and interrupts typical flow of thoughts Functions like parasympathetic nervous system Used to reduce stress tension anxiety Produces relaxation response Two main types o Concentrative meditation concentrating on a specific point of focus o Mindfulness The effects of drugs Two types o Agonist Mimics the effects of NTs o Antagonists Blocks effects of NT s Stimulants o Amphetamine meth cocaine o Retiling and Adderall block reuptake of DA o Nicotine stimulates Ach receptors Changes brain chemistry o Produces feelings of euphoria energy power high potential for abuse 4 Depressants o Decrease arousal Alcohol Ethanol Since 5500 BC Anxiolytics Benzodiazepines o Xanax Vamium Rohypnol GHB Relaxes by increasing activity at inhibitory synapses Narcotics o Produce drowsiness insensitivity to pain decreased responsiveness o Opiates Heroin methadone codeine morphine Legitimate pain management use Bind to specific opiates so do endorphins Highly addictive but context is important Example low rates of morphine addictions Hallucinogens o Induce sensory distortions Lysergic acid diethylamide peyote MDMA molly o LSD attaches primarily to 5HT receptors o Repeated use can lead to long term depression anxiety and memory loss Marijuana o Difficult to classify o Not a stimulant o Can have hallucinogenic effects o Cannabis cannabinoid receptors Attaches to receptors found all throughout the brain except the medulla Reduces nausea tremors eye pressure protects against stroke Studies demonstrate memory problems lung diseases impaired immune system o Medical uses o Risks Use abuse and dependence o 9 of the US population received treatment 24 million Mostly for alcohol primarily people in 20s o Addiction physical dependence Characterized by withdraws o Cravings psychological dependence o Repeated drug use leads to tolerance Body becomes desensitized to normal dose Opiates and alcohol most likely to have tolerance o Patterns of abuse 5 Experimental Compulsive Social recreational Situational Intensive o Polydrug abuse Causes drug interaction effects Especially true with prescription medication Alcohol other depressants Xanax massive slowdown of nervous system coma death Alcohol stimulants Adderall masks effects leading to OD risk chemical by product more deadly than individual parts Accounts for the vast majority of deaths due to overdose Motivation and Emotion Motivation o Refers to the dynamics of behavior o The ways in which our actions are initiated sustained directed or terminated o A model for motivation Need drive response goal Need internal deficiency Drive energized emotional state Response Goal goals are all different o Incentive value o Biological motives Bodily needs Necessary for homeostasis Circadian rhythm Hunger Thought to come from the stomach Most important brain region hypothalamus Signals come from there as well as intestines liver tongue o Lateral feelings of hunger o Ventromedial satiety system Thirst Extracellular o