o o o o o o o CHAPTER 42 Animal Form Function PPT Notes 4 26 2014 structure influences function ex body size influences how animals work bc body volume increases faster than its SA as body size increases correlations btwn form function begin molecular level similar function btwn structure function at cellular lvl cell shape function correlate animals have systems that sense changes in internal conditions and trigger responses to return conditions to normal animals have sophisticated systems for generating conserving head and regulating body temperature anatomy study of organism s physical structure physiology study of how physical structures in an organism function tissue group of similar cells that function as a unit o embryonic tissue gives rise to 4 adult tissue types adult tissue types are connective nervous muscle epithelial connective tissue loose soft extracellular matrix provides padding dense fibrous extracellular matrix provides connections supporting firm extracellular matrix functions in structural support and protection fluid liquid extracellular matrix functions in transport nervous tissue composed of dendrites cell body axon in a neuron information is transmitted from dendrites cell body axon neurons connect to form networks muscle tissue do not lengthen shorten skeletal muscle voluntary multinucleate striated long cells cardiac muscle involuntary uninucleate striated spindle shaped branched cells smooth muscle involuntary uninucleate unstriated tapered cells epithelial tissue provide protection regulate which materials pass across body surfaces unique feature is their polarity apical side of epithelium always faces opening absorbs things basolateral side of epithelium basal lamina connects epithelium to other tissues lines kidney tubules o o o o o o o o o o o o o organized into organs organs organized into organ systems area to volume ratio affects animal s overall physiology small animals have higher relative metabolic rates than large animals adaptations that increase surface area cell SA determines rate which gases nutrients diffuse across membrane flattening ex fish gill lamellae folding ex intestinal folds and villi branching ex capillaries SA absorb nutrients tissues that rely on surface area oxygen consumption removal of excess heat food digestions delivery of nutrients removal of waste o cell volume determines rate of diffusion greater size of cell SA relative to v 4 26 2014 homeostasis maintenance of relatively constant internal environment internal chemical physical states kept in a tolerable range o o constancy of physiological state can be achieved through conformation regulation set point normal or target value based on negative feedback loop sensor integrator effector sensor external stimulus structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment integrator comparison a component of the nervous system that evaluates the incoming sensory information and decides if a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis effector internal response structure that helps restore the desired internal condition negative feedback effectors reduce or oppose in internal conditions regulation of heat exchange body temperature important o problems overheating proteins denature dehydration low body temperatures slow down enzyme function energy production small mammals lose heat bc SA great compared to volume animals reduce metabolic rate drop body temperature torpor temporary drop in body temperature hibernation longer drop in body temperature o mechanisms of heat exchange conduction direct transfer of heat btwn 2 objects in physical contact convection transfer of heat by movement of large volumes of a gas liquid radiation transfer of heat btwn two bodies that are not in direct physical contact evaporation the energy absorbing phase change from a liquid to gaseous state heat loss o o thermoregulation how animals obtain heat whether body temperature held constant endotherm produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue ectotherm relies on heat gained from the environment homeotherms keep body temperature constant humans are endothermic homeotherms heterotherms tolerate s in body temp hibernating animals are endothermic heterotherms countercurrent heat exchangers arteries veins lie beside each other heat flows from warm arteries to cool veins keep heat within body arteries transport blood to tongue vein returns blood to body efficient bc maintain gradient btwn 2 fluids along entire length small gradients are maintained 4 26 2014 CHAPTER 42 Animal Form Function Blue Thread Questions If the null hypothesis were supported by the results what would each graph look like Null hypothesis no energy trade off between reproductive function and immune function is required Based on the structure of a neuron does it provide signals to specific cells and tissues or does it broadcast signals widely throughout the body Describe and compare the structure and function of the four major types of animal tissues Which mammal has to eat more to support each gram of its tissue a puppy or an adult dog Suppose the experimenters had measured oxygen uptake on either side of the apparatus in the absence of a fish What would the results be Explain why large animals have a relatively low surface area volume ratio Explain why a squirrel needs to eat more energy per unit body mass than a bear Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of endothermy and ectothermy Predict how the temperature of a whale s tongue would change if it employed concurrent rather than countercurrent flow of blood in its arteries and veins Explain You should be able to provide examples of an adaptation and acclimatization of a mammal to a cold environment You should be able to predict the effect of a drug that loosens the tight junctions between epithelial cells You should be able to explain why it would be impossible for a gorilla the size of King Kong to have fur In answering this question explain how the surface area volume ratio of a normal sized gorilla would compare to Kong s then relate this to the role of surface area and volume in heat generation and transfer and the function of the fur You should be able to explain how due to acclimatization as well as adaptation the homeostatic system for maintaining body temperatures in a species of a mammal might change as global temperatures rise The dinosaur Apatosaurus is one of the largest terrestrial animals that has ever lived over 20m in length and weighing
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