COMM107 Exam 2 Review Chapter 4 I The Listening Process a Hearing biological activity involving reception of message through sensory channels b Listening is a process i Reception receiving message or stimulus through visual and auditory channels ii Attention represents focus on a specific stimulus selected from all the stimuli at any given moment limited ability to focus attention 1 Working memory capacity listeners shift from retrieving and storing stimuli in memory while simultaneously trying to pay attention to the speaker s message 2 Motivation concentration crucial to successful listening requires listener to mentally set aside distractions 3 Paraphrasing making a summary of ideas just received allows you to determine whether or not you understand the materials iii Perception takes material presented and tries to analyze what has been input 1 Perceptual filter separates what makes sense from what doesn t so you can organize and interpret the message 2 Selective perception used to narrow our attention to specific bits and pieces of information 3 Sensorium frames perceptual filter so all senses are brought to bear as you logically emotionally respond iv Assigning meaning process of putting stimulus into a predetermined category 1 Schema scripts for processing information 2 Schemata mental representations we carry out in our brains shaped by language categories and the way our brains process information 3 Brain dominance accounts for learning and listening in patterned ways a Linear listeners i ii left hemisphere dominant prefer specifics and logic based arguments do not benefit from abstractions and generalizations b Global listeners right hemisphere dominant i ii prefer general to specific instruction prefer knowing information can be useful and applied 4 Role of culture a High context cultures Japan Saudi Arabia i ii More information is situated in communicators themselves and setting so fewer words are necessary b Low context cultures i US Canada ii Communicators expect to give and receive a great deal of information most information is contained in words a Factual statements those based on observable phenomena or common acceptance b Opinions inferences or judgments made by speaker c Red flags negative reactions d Green flags positive stimulators 5 Role of evaluation v Response reacting to stimulus and providing feedback c Listening Influencers i Speaker 1 Credibility physical presentation 1 Organization tone treatment ii Message iii Channel 1 Auditory v visual 2 Electronic v face to face iv External and internal variables 1 External 2 Internal a Noise lighting distractions auditory and visual channels a Physical state general psych health experiences background life history training predispositions attitudes memory expectations culture v Time 1 Effective listeners must set aside a bracket of time to listen with discrimination and comprehension i Distinguish among sounds gain ideas aid others discriminate among ideas d Purposes of Listening appreciate sounds symbols e Types of Listening i Discriminative listening 1 Attempt to distinguish auditory and visual stimuli 2 Understand differences in verbal sounds and nonverbal behavior ii Comprehension listening 1 Recognize and retain information iii Therapeutic listening iv Critical listening 1 Evaluates message 2 Takes into account speaker s 1 Listener learns when asking questions to stimulate further discussion then may give advice a personal appeal arguments evidence motivational appeals assumptions and what is not said v Appreciative listening 1 Person engages in enjoyment of sensory stimulation to a message 2 Ex humorous speakers comedians music videos II Listening Apprehension a The fear of misinterpreting inadequately processing and or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages sent by others III Improving listening a Turn off phone be patient suspend judgment be careful with emotional responses control distractions tune into speaker cues paraphrase be aware of your posture visualize etc b Egospeak should be avoided boosting your own ego by only talking about what you want to talk about and not taking into consideration what others want to discuss Chapter 7 I Participating in conversations a Conversation an interaction with at least one other person b Small talk surface level exchange of information with someone i Biographics name occupation college attended hometown major etc c Effect of culture on conversations i Analytical thinking which dissects events and concepts into concepts that can be linked to chains of statements backed up by facts and or examples ii Holistic thinking doesn t dissect events or concepts common use of storytelling and parables common in south American and Asian cultures do not make conclusions leave it up to listener d Conversational listening skills i Should be two sided ii Do not assume anything iii Before speaking ask yourself what message is needed II Giving directions a Directions instructions for completing a task getting anywhere achieving an effect etc b Organizing ideas i Chronological or spatial best ii Linear vs global thinker Linear prefer maps and written out directions 1 2 Global prefer pictures and oral directions with specific landmarks III Empathy a Definition i The ability to out oneself into the mental shoes of another person to understand her or his emotions and feelings b How to show empathy i Touch ii Acknowledge their need for support IV Dealing with interpersonal conflict a Conflict defined i Any situation in which you perceive that another person with whom you re independent is frustrating or might frustrate the satisfaction of some concern need want or desire of yours b Causes i Goals to be pursued 1 Desire for one person to do something another wants them to do ii Allocation of resources 1 Stress from expending resources iii Decisions to be made 1 Decisions may not be appropriate for all parties iv Behaviors that are considered inappropriate 1 Lack of manners inappropriate clothing offensive behavior etc c Levels of conflict i No conflict ii Latent conflict iii Problems to solve iv Dispute v Help vi Fight or flight vii Intractability d Role of anger i Positive expressions of anger ii Negative expressions of anger 1 Internal actions 1 Direct expressive asseration of needs and or wants a Guilt depression self criticism etc 2 Acting out a Stealing flunking drugs affairs 3 Passive resistance a Verbal or nonverbal statement of compliance 4 Violence a To self or
View Full Document
Unlocking...