EXAM 1 Answers are bolded 1 Acceptable phylogenetic groupings of organisms a are natural rather than artificial and ranked b reflect evolutionary history and common ancestry c include only monophyletic clades as valid taxa d can include nested clades e all of the above are true of phylogenetic groupings 2 Birds have wings as do butterflies However they do not share a recent common ancestor Therefore the possession of wings in this case is known as a homology b homoplasy c ancestry d polarity e synapomorphy 3 Species U V X Y and Z share a common ancestor T A grouping of species T X Y and Z make up a a valid taxon b a monophyletic clade c a paraphyletic grouping d a polyphyletic grouping e an outgroup 4 Choose the pair of orthologous genes from the following list a human hemoglobin and chimpanzee hemoglobin genes b two alleles of the human hemoglobin gene c mouse insulin gene and yeast mating type gene d two different rat olfactory receptor genes e the multiple copies of rRNA genes in a eukaryotic genome 5 Comparative biochemistry compares the sequences of amino acids in proteins such as hemoglobin as well as to identify characters used to construct cladograms a triglyceride sequences b nucleotide sequences c carbohydrate chains d sugar phosphate backbones e glucose chains 6 Two different monophyletic groups that share common ancestry with each other more recently than either does with other taxa are known as a symplesiomorphies 1 b synapomorphies c sister taxa d polytomies singular polytomy e basal taxa 7 When all the organisms in one taxon come from a single common ancestor the taxon is considered to be a monophyletic b polyphyletic c paraphyletic d a polytomy e a basal taxon 8 The sequencing of suggests that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor along three distinct lineages are represented by three domains a mitochondrial DNA b rRNA c cytochrome c d developmental genes e hemoglobin genes 9 The structures that are present in the outgroup and also in the study group are a analogous b symplesiomorphic c synapomorphic d shared derived e derived 10 A gene appropriate for use as a molecular clock among closely related species a has a variable rate of evolution among those species b is not orthologous c is paralogous d evolves at a relatively constant rate e does not need to be calibrated to provide meaningful information 11 Chemoautotrophs a are photosynthetic b use light as an energy source and organic molecules as a carbon source c are typically eukaryotic d are found among the fungi e use inorganic molecules for energy and CO2 as a carbon source 12 Lateral or horizontal gene transfer occurs a when an organism receives genetic material from a direct ancestor b when an organism transfers genetic material to another cell that is not its offspring 2 c during binary fission d typically in eukaryotes e during mitosis 13 Which of the following statements is not true a Archaea possess branched hydrocarbons in their membrane lipids b Both archaea and bacteria possess a nucleoid region c The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan d Growth of archaea is inhibited by streptomycin and chloramphenicol e Archaea and bacteria possess a circular chromosome 14 Prokaryotes are the only organisms that a fix nitrogen b have lived on earth for 3 5 billion years c can oxidize inorganic molecules for energy d survive in extremely hot environments above 90 C e all of the above are true of prokaryotes 15 Which pairing is mismatched a proteobacteria gram negative b spirochetes Syphilis Lyme disease c chlamydias intracellular parasites d gram positive bacteria thick peptidoglycan cell wall e bacterial flagellum completely surrounded by cell membrane 16 All of the following link Archaea to Eukarya except a members of both domains possess membrane bound organelles b methionine is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis c introns are present d histones are associated with their DNA e both groups have more than one RNA polymerase 17 Scientists hypothesize that mitochondria evolved from which of the following clades of bacteria a alpha proteobacteria b beta proteobacteria c chlamydias d cyanobacteria e gram positive bacteria 18 Genetic recombination in prokaryotes a is impossible b occurs during the process of binary fission c never involves bacteriophages d requires plasmids 3 e involves the uptake of DNA from other bacteria 19 Which of the following structures enhance the attachment of bacteria to a substrate a endospores b capsule c sex pilus d cell wall e flagellum 20 Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan so which prokaryotes would be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin a cyanobacteria b gram positive bacteria c archaea d gram negative bacteria e endospore forming bacteria 21 The theory of serial endosymbiosis states that the engulfing event that gave rise to mitochondria preceded the engulfing event that gave rise to chloroplasts because a all eukaryotic cells possess chloroplasts b chloroplasts are found only in non algal cells c mitochondria are found only in animals cells d mitochondria are sometimes found in prokaryotic organisms e all eukaryotic cells possess mitochondria 22 A life cycle that alternates between a multicellular haploid individual and a unicellular diploid zygote that produces spores by meiosis is called a gametic b zygotic c sporic d isomorphic alternation of generations e heteromorphic alternation of generations 23 Organisms that have sporic life cycles produce gametes via a fertilization b mitosis c meiosis d binary fission e conjugation 24 All eukaryotic chloroplasts possess a chlorophyll a 4 b chlorophyll b c chlorophyll d d carotenoids e laminarin 25 A photosynthetic organism that supplements its nutrition with the ingestion of organic particles and macromolecules is called a n a heterotroph b autoheterotroph c mixotroph d organotroph e autotroph 26 Dinoflagellates and ciliates are placed in the clade Alveolata because they a have flagella or cilia a are parasites of animals c are found only in marine habitats d have plastids e have membrane bounded sacs under their plasma membrane 27 Ciliates such as Paramecium and Stentor multiply asexually via binary fission In order to exchange genetic material between individuals they undergo a process known as a mitosis b meiosis c pilus formation d conjugation e cytokinesis 28 Which protists have internal or external structures composed of silica glass a