BIOL 242 1st Edition Lecture 1There are two special organ systems in plants: the shoot system, being the more complicated system, and the root system.Angiosperms have four distinct groups: Basal, Magnoliids, Monocots and Edicots.Basal angiosperms are consist of three lineages, with one being represented by a single species; Amborella trichopoda, Illicium, and Nymphaea.Magnoliids contain around 8,000 species and are more closely related to the Eudicots and Monocots.Monocots make up about ¼ of the angiosperm species and include plants such as grasses, corn, and wheat.Eudicots make up 2/3 of the angiosperm species and include plants such as oaks, willows, strawberries and apples.Organs are structures formed of multiple tissues that have a basic function. For example a flowercan be an organ.Roots primary task is to bring water and nutrients to the plant from other parts of the soil. Some roots actually have to stick up out of the ground so that they can receive oxygen. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic structures consisting of the plant’s roots and fungal hyphae.Modified stems can be broken down into four different groups: Stolons (above ground horizontalstems), rhizomes (horizontal underground stems), Tubers (ends of rhizomes) and bulbs (ex: onions, or bases of leaves).There are also many types of leaves: simple leaves, compound leaves, and doubly compound leaves.Modified leaves include tendrils, spines, leaves for storage or reproduction, and bracts.There are three main plant cell types including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.Parenchyma cells are living and have thin primary walls, and usually lack secondary walls. These cells are the least specialized.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Collenchyma cells are living when mature, and have unevenly thickened primary walls, also usually lacking secondary walls. Collenchyma cells support the young shoots and leaves of a plant. Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls fortified by lignin. These cells are dead when functionally mature, and cannot elongate as the organ they are in elongates. They are involved inprotection, support and are found in xylem and phloem. These cells are found in the inside of the plant. Dermal tissues usually give rise to the outside layers of the plant, ground tissues making up the majority of the plant and the vascular tissue making up the rest.The transport system in plants can be easily broken down. The water/minerals taken up in the roots will be transported upwards through the xylem and shoots. Transpiration, gas and photosynthesis will all take place in the leaves. The sugars will then be transported back down the xylem and