URS 1006 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Terms to know Informal settlements o Areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim or people just occupy illegally o Unplaced settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current planning and building regulations unauthorized housing Without secure land tenure residents in informal settlements are marginalized and ignored o CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS 1 No or limited municipal services 2 Accessibility issues 3 Informal shadow economy 4 Lack of property titles insecure land tenure 5 Limited participation in decision making planning process o Informal settlements can either be Organic Progression poor urban land management very disorganized the typical shankytown Land Grab Very organized community participation Often supported by non profit organizations Sites and services plan o Very popular response from governments about informal settlements Social Housing Projects Fuggerei The oldest social housing complex still in use Bavaria Strict requirements Must be Catholic become indigent without debt and willing to pray for the family 3x a day Apartheid o Led by Vearword basically separated the white people from the black people o Nelson Mandela took a fight against it and ultimately made progress for equality and it is still kind of segregated today Aging populations occur when the median age of a country rises due to the rising life expectancy and or declining birth rates o Less people working o More resources used o Loss of cultures and languages Can be a good thing government doesn t spend as much on education and there is a lower inflation rate o Japan Germany Italy France Spain Canada Nigeria Shrinking and Ghost cities o When new cities are built because people need to spend their money in hopes of people moving there and no one moves to these areas they become considered ghost cities Settler Colonies o United Kingdom o France o Germany o Belgium o Italy o Portugal o Spain Population Growth migration o Population growth in the Middle East since WWII was naturally and through o Population growth stresses natural resources o Managing population demands is difficult Urbanization patters in the Middle East o Urbanization and the geography of growth and decline depend on The power of location religious and governmental The relative location of natural resources especially water and more recently oil Points of passage Market places o The Fertile Crescent Old Silk Route The Urban Triangle of the Middle East all important aspects to Middle East urbanization Religion in Middle East and India o Religon in India out of 2 5 billion people o Since there are so many people there are more resources being used which Regions and Cities to know South America Latin America 2 million of the 3 million new houses in Latin America are in informal settlements Hinduism 78 Christianity 2 5 Islam 15 Sustainable development trends PHOTO ANALYSIS Poverty Rapid Hyper urbanization Law of the Indies Urban spatial models Colonial impact Structural adjustment programs Environmental issues in China causes a lot of pollution o o Rio o Sao Paul o Panama City Panama Africa Middle East o Durban o Amman o South Africa o Jerusalem o Isfahan o Bangalore o Mumbai Income inequality Asia Indian poverty rate has declined since the 1970 s 56 35 o Delhi China o Shanghai o Beijing What are some social and economic characteristics of a modern Middle East City Markets Religious Centers Refugee influx Unsustainable economies high unemployment Mosques Oil money Lacking women rights Westernizing cities instead of focusing on the growing slums Explain the differences in how China and India have compensated for their population growth Record system of household registration required by law in China Determines the area in which you live by family System still in place but more relaxed China o One child per family o Houku System family of origin o Trying to improve mass transit o Building upward India o Mumbai plans to expand the city o Irrigation systems o Trying to limit pollution Slums just keep getting bigger and bigger Make cities to try and draw people away from big cities turn into ghost cities because they are built with no true motive More pedestrian pollution Discuss the pros and cons of Structural Adjust Programs and the use of Poverty Reductions strategies such as Fome Zero or Bolsa Familia Structural Adjustment Programs Programs from the WB UN and UNDP that assists developing economies They include harsh conditions for acceptance Liberalizing and opening markets Includes expenditure cuts liberalization of foreign and domestic investment and trade liberalization o PROS o CONS Bolsa Familia Opens markets and bring in new urban jobs Does not distribute wealth Gives money to families going to school and going to the doctor on an EBT card to be used however the family mother dictates URS 1006 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE HISTORY OF URBANIZATION 1 Urban When a place becomes large enough to assume its economy is no longer strictly tied to agriculture or other primary activities Rural is straight agriculture 2 City Political designation referring to a large densely populated place that is legally incorporated as a municipality 3 Megacity Colloquial term to designate the very largest urban cities usually conceptualized as an urban core and its peripheral expansion zone a City of 10 million or more b 1950s NYC 4 World Cities Command and control centers of the world economy a New York London Tokyo 5 LDC Least Developed Country 6 MDC Medium Developed Country 7 OECD Organization for Economic Co Operation Development 8 Urban Areas Places where buildings roads urban use are predominated a Beyond the political boundaries of cities and towns 9 Conurbation Expanded urban area that has engulfed smaller cities in the urban expansion zone turns nearby towns into full fledged cities a EX New York Tri State Area New York Boston Dallas Ft Worth San Diego Tijuana b Swooped 10 Megalopolis Defined as a population of 25 million people or more a Urban union of metropolitan areas i Transportation E Mail transmissions Cell Phone use b EX Hong Kong Pearl River Delta Megacity 11 Farming started everything a Why we live in cities Where everything started Where everyone came from 12 Early urbanizations Antiquity to 5th century AD Agricultural Societies a Mesopatamian Tigres and Euphrates 4000 BC b Nile Valley 3000 BC c Yellow River of China 2000 BC