Final Exam Study Guide URS1006 World Cities Online Spring 2014 During this exam period you will have two hours to complete the exam The exam will be a mixture of multiple choice and short answer questions It will cover information from your lesson modules including videos readings and web sources Many questions will ask you to apply the concepts we have studied urban economics sustainability and globalization to cities and regions You should also be able to compare cities and regions with regard to economic strategies urbanization patterns and social issues When you study you should focus on the following 1 Economic Base Concept When we studied this concept we applied it to certain cities in the United States This covers the identification of the economic base the identification of primary secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy You should be able to use the economic base concept in relation to the cities we studied Be able to compare the economic bases and economic sectors of Tallahassee Berkley Detroit Youngstown Cleveland or Ciudad Guyana Answer The economic base concept states that two types of activities or functions exist Basic city forming activities They involve manufacturing processing trading of goods or providing of services for markets located outside the city s boundaries Basic industries are those exporting from the region and bringing wealth from outside These are key to economic growth and prosperity A city with a high percentage of its labor force in the production of items such as automobiles furniture and electronic equipment depends on sales beyond the city s boundaries to bring money into the community Income generated by sales of these industrial goods is channeled back into the city s non basic sector Non basic Economic functions of a city servicing nature are non basic These industries support basic industries and everyday needs Grocery stores restaurants and beauty salons they cater primarily to residents within the city itself Primary economic activity Secondary economic activity Manufacturing Tertiary economic activity service sector comes out of primary and secondary Quaternary advanced service sector consists of information and intellect intensive services Detroit Youngstown Singapore Youngstown is shrinking and has been left behind Having trouble manufacturing agriculture fishing forestry and mining 2 Cities in Europe and the United States grew at a rapid pace during the Industrial Era You should be able to identify how the industrial era shaped cities What was its impact on public health Be ready to describe the growth of cities in terms of the theoretical models of urban structure provided by Burgess and Hoyt Answer After the Industrial Revolution 1750 significant urbanization occurred It was not until 19th Century that cities emerged as important places of population concentration By 1900 only Great Britain could be considered an urbanized society During the 20th century the number of urbanized nations increased dramatically Geographers have classified cities into three categories 1 Market centers trade and commerce 2 Transportation centers transport services and 3 specialized service centers such as gov recreating or religious pilgrimage Primary economic activity agriculture fishing forestry and mining Secondary economic activity Manufacturing Tertiary economic activity service sector Quaternary advanced service sector consists of information and intellect intensive services The Industrial Revolution prompted the emergence of cities oriented in manufacturing As manufacturing expanded so did the demand for labor to work in the factories As a larger percentage of the population began living in cities retail trade transportation and all kinds of services began to flourish which declined the labor force of primary and secondary sectors Cities and industries grew in synchronization with each other During the Industrial Revolution urbanization sanitary and public health conditions were terrible at home and in the work place The explosion in urban growth created unforeseen sanitary and public health problems that were as a result of overcrowded cities by a large number of people moving from the rural areas This dense population of people living in cities caused the widespread of diseases such as Tuberculosis and Cholera creating epidemics especially in the poorer class As the number of factories grew workplaces and housing became overcrowded There were no proper running water to bathe regularly and the cities didn t have a proper planned sewage and garbage collecting system The cities were also polluted with black smoke from the burning coal The Concentric Zone first conceptualized by Engels in the mid 19th century Engels observed the population was residentially segregated on the basis of class Engels may have first described the pattern but Burgess is considered the father of the concentric zone model According to Burgess the growth of any city occurs through a radical expansion from the center so as to form a series of concentric rings in essence a set of nested circles that represents successive zones of specialized urban land use The 5 zones Burgess described were 1 central business district with retail and wholesale areas 2 the zone of transition characterized by stagnation and social deterioration 3 the zone of residential units single family dwellings and apartments 5 the commuter zone extending beyond the city limits and consisting of suburbs and satellite communities The Sector Model Developed in the 1930s by Homer Hoyt an economist Hoyt examined spatial variations in household rent and concluded that general patterns of housing values applied to all cities and that those patterns tended to appear as sectors not concentric rings Residential land use seems to arrange itself along selected highways leading into the CBD thus giving land use patterns a directional bias High rent residences were the most important group in explaining city growth bc they tended to pull the entire city in the same direction New residential areas did not encircle the city at its outer limits but extended farther outward along a few transportation axes giving the land use map the appearance of a pie cut into many pieces The sectoral pattern of city growth is explained as a filtering process When new housing is constructed is located on the outer edges of the high rent sector The homes of community leaders new offices and stores are attracted to the same areas