link to quizlet flashcards http quizlet com 41367155 view screen redir 2F41367155 2Fgly1000l final flash cards 2F password fsugly GLY 1000 L Final Study Guide Plate Tectonics different layers of earth 3 and 5 layer models lithosphere continental crust oceanic crust uppermost solid mantle mantle magma asthenosphere upper mantle lower mantle core liquid magnesium iron and nickel inner and outer core lithosphere asthenosphere mantle outer core inner core plate boundaries and faults convergent reverse fault compression divergent normal fault tension transform strike slip fault shear where earthquakes occur at all three plates where and how magma forms forms in 3 plate tectonic settings divergent convergent hot spots origin is rock melting which is influenced by underground temp and pressure lithostatic pressure and the kind of minerals that comprise underground rocks Minerals what is a mineral an inorganic naturally occurring substance that has characteristic chemical composi tion distinctive physical properties and crystalline structure properties of minerals what they mean color and clarity color determines what type of minerals are in the rock clarity is ability to transmit light crystal habits and forms crystal form is the geometric shape of a crystal crystal habit refers to general crystal forms and combinations in which a mineral habitually form luster how light reflects from the surface of an object metallic or nonmetallic streak color of a substance after it has been ground to a fine powder hardness measure of resistance to scratching cleavage and fractures cleavage is tendency for some minerals to break along flat parallel surfaces fracture refers to any break in a mineral that does not occur along a cleavage plane mohs hardness scale what its used for measures resistance to scratching hard minerals are greater than 5 5 numbers can be determined by comparing their hardness to common objects 10 diamond 9 corundum 8 topaz 7 quarts 6 orthoclase feldspar 5 apatite 4 fluorite 3 calcite 2 gypsum 1 talc 6 5 streak plate 5 5 glass 4 5 iron nail 3 5 brass 2 9 copper penny 2 5 fingernail 5 things that define a mineral color luster streak hardness cleavage dont rely on this when identifying a mineral color clarity or streak The Rock Cycle draw and describe all parts of rock cycle igneous uplift erosion weathering leads to sediment sedimentary rock heat and intense pressure metamorphism leads to metamorphic rock melting leads to magma or lava igneous rock sediment sedimentary rocks compaction cementation lithification heat intense pressure metamorphism leads to metamorphic rick uplift erosion weathering leads to sediment sedimentary rock melting leads to magma or lava igneous rock metamorphic rocks melting leads to magma or lava igneous rock uplift erosion weathering leads to sediment sedimentary rock heat intense pressure metamorphism leads to metamorphic rock magma or lava back to igneous cooling crystallization 3 types of rocks igneous metamorphic sedimentary difference between the 3 types of rocks with examples of each igneous form when magma or lava cools to a solid form dense glassy vesicular ran domly oriented crystals sm and lg sedimentary form when mineral crystals and clasts of plants animals mineral crystals or rocks are compressed or naturally cemented together no visible grains grains are sandy crystalline sand gravel pebble grains metamorphic deformed or changed from one form to another by intense heat pressure and or the action of hot fluids equigranular crystalline folded layers foliated crystals what is a rock a rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids Igneous bowens reaction series one way that different kinds of igneous rocks can differentiate from a single homoge nous body of magma as it cools high low temperatures least most resistant olivine pyroxene calcium feldspar amphibole biotite sodium feldspar potassium feldspar muscovite quartz what is a xenolith an inclusion in an igneous rock that came from the surrounding country rock what is a phenocryst a large or conspicuous crystal in a porphyritic rock difference between mafic and felsic intrusive and extrusive examples of each major minerals associated with each mafic usually dark in color forms in runny low viscosity lava rich and more dense biotite amphibole pyroxene felsic light in color forms in stiff viscous lava k spar quartz muscovite intrusive cool at depth magma cool at slow rates larger crystals extrusive cool at surface lava cool at fast rates smaller crystals syenites felsic rocks that resemble granite but don t have quartz granite intrusive felsic rhyolite extrusive felsic basalt extrusive mafic peridotite intrusive mafic Sedimentary what is a sedimentary rock how is it formed sedimentary rocks are made up of grains rocks fragments minerals and fossils and forms when sediments are compressed cemented or otherwise hardened together sedimentary structures and why they re important specific kinds of sedimentary structures can be used as indicators of environments where they normally form today one of the most obvious structures is layering of sediments strata layers of sediment 3 types of sedimentary rocks chemical biochemical biogenic clastic detrital 3 types of clastic detrital sedimentary rocks sandstone conglomerate breccia 5 distinctive properties of sedimentary rocks grain size grain shape sorting fossils chemical properties Metamorphic what is metamorphic grade how much the rock was metamorphosed or changed from the original parent rock what is a protolith know protoliths to rocks listed in lab manual parent rock that hasn t been melted slate mudstone shale phyllite mudstone shale slate blueschist greenschist muscovite schist biotite schist mudstone shale slate phyllite gneiss mudstone shale slate phyllite schist granite diorite amphibole basalt gabbro ultrmafic igneous rocks eclogite basalt gabbro anthracite coal peat lignite bituminous coal hornfels any type of rock serpentinite basalt gabbro ultramafic igneous rocks soapstone basalt gabbro ultramafic igneous rocks quartzite sandstone marble limestone meta conglomerate conglomerate difference between regional and contact metamorphism regional large area pressure high temperature low to high contact locally pressure low temperature high what is a porphyroblast the uneven granular texture of a rock caused by the presence of large crystals in a fine grained groundmass different types of metamorphic