Unformatted text preview:

STUDY GUIDEUnit conversion – self-explanatory. Convert to Metric system. Written like 1.8 x 10^8 mmPlate Tectonic Theory – theory in which the plates that make up earth’s crust move slowly over timeAlfred Wegener Theory – came up with idea of continental driftand Pangea. Lacked sufficient evidence at the time to show what could possibly be the driving force of huge solid rockTypes of Plate BoundaryConvergent - ocean-ocean(island arcs and ocean trenches), ocean-continent(mountains and ocean trenches), continent-continent(mountains)Divergent – ocean-ocean(mid atlantic ridge) and continent-continent(rift valley)Transform – ocean-ocean(major offset of mid-oceanic ridge axis), continent-continent(San Andres fault)Mechanisms of plate movement - pushed away from spreading centers, pulled down into trenches, or dragged along by the friction of convection on their undersidesDefinition of mineral – naturally occurring solid formed by geological processes crystalline structure and clear chemical compositonMohs Hardness Scale – list of minerals in a sequence of relativehardness. Helps to identify minerals. Talc is softest, diamond is hardest.Mineral Properties (luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, etc) – Color is least reliable. Luster – sheen or shine of the rock. Streak –scratching the surface with another rock. Cleavage – the way a rock breaks along a plane. Fracture – breakage that is not flatRock Cycle - 1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3= igneous rocks; 4 = erosion; 5 = sedimentation; 6 = sediments & sedimentary rocks; 7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 =metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting.Types of Igneous Rocks – Felsic – high silica. Intermediate – intermediate silica. Mafic – low silica. Ultramafic – very low silica.Texture of Igneous Rocks - Phaneritic: crystals visible with naked eye. Aphanitic: crystal too small for naked eye. Porphyritic:two different, dominant grain sizes. Fragmental: composed of disagregated igneous material. Pegmatitic: very large xtals (cm to 10s of cm); i.e., slowly cooled. Glassy: non-crystalline; cools very fast (e.g., obsidian). Vesicular: vesicles (holes, pores, cavities) form as gases expandBowen reaction series - explain why certain types of minerals tend to be found together while others are almost never associated with one another.EEEEEEEEEEE Two types: Continuous and Discontinuous. Minerals at thetop are first to crystallize so the temperature gradient is read from highest to lowest. shows the stability of minerals with the ones at bottom being most stable and the ones at top being quickest to weatherLava and magma – lava is on the surface and volcanic, magma is beneath the surface and plutonicTypes of sedimentary rocks – intrusive – slowly cooled off magma, granite, gabbro-coarse grainm interlocking. Extrusive – rapidly cooling magma extruded on surface of Earth as lavaRhyolite, basalt, scoria, pumice, fine grained, discrete crystals ejected and cooled in the airWeathering and its types - Lithic (Rock) Fragments (granite, basalt, schist, etc.)• Dissolved Ions(Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, etc.)• Rust Minerals (Hematite, Goertite, etc.)• Clay Minerals(Bentonite, Montmorillonite, etc.)• Residual Minerals(Quartz, Orthoclase, Muscovite, etc.)Erosion – process in which rocks and soil are removed from the surface by natural processes like wind, water, and air, then transported and deposited elsewhereLithification (compaction and cementation) – process whererocks compact under pressure and loose water, gradually becoming solid rock. It is a process of porosity destruction through compaction and cementation.Textures of sedimentary rocks – Clastic – made up of rock clasts. Shape, size, orientation(how the clasts are sorted). Detritalor chemical.Types of metamorphic rocks – Detrital – clastic texture. Chemical - crystallineTextures of metamorphic rocks - size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grainsFoliation – any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock- Examples of foliation - Parallel alignment of platy and/or elongated minerals- Closely spaced planar surfaces along which rocks split- Can develop in a number of ways depending on metamorphic conditions and parent rock- Schistosity• Platy minerals are discernible with the unaided eye and exhibit a planar or layered structure• Rocks having this texture are referred to as schist- Gneissic• During higher grades of metamorphism, ion migration results in the segregation of minerals• exhibit a distinctive banded appearance- nonfoliated – metamorphic rocks that lack foliation• Develop in environments where deformation is minimal• Typically composed of minerals thatexhibit equidimensional crystals- Porphyroblastic textures• Large grains, called porphyroblasts,surrounded by a fine-grained matrixof other mineralsTypes of metamorphism- Heato Most important agento Recrystallization results in new, stable minerals- Two sources of heato Contact metamorphism – heat from magmao An increase in temperature with depth due to the geothermal gradient- Confining pressure –o As depth increases – pressure increaseso Confining pressure is similar to water pressure, forces are equal in all directions.o Causes spaces between mineral grains toclose, producing a more compact rock with a greater density.o Can cause minerals to re-crystallize into new minerals that display a more compact crystalline form.- Differential stress – forces are unequal in different directions.E Mainly acts along one plane.- Shortened in the direction that pressure is applied; and elongated in the direction perpendicular to the force.- At low temperatures rocks are brittle and tend to fracture- At high temperatures rocks are ductile.E Mineral


View Full Document

FSU GLY 1000L - STUDY GUIDE

Documents in this Course
Load more
Download STUDY GUIDE
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view STUDY GUIDE and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view STUDY GUIDE 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?