Exam 3 Review Sheet Chapters 7 10 Survey Research Chapter 7 contingency questions A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question This avoids asking questions of peo ple that do not apply to them for example asking men if they have ever been pregnant matrix questions Series of two or more closed questions in which each respondent s answers are recorded using the same grid Disadvantages people answer in very patterned ways without giving careful consideration to the question not that common that you would have a lot of questions that fit the same response pattern or set Likert type response categories survey responses in which respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with statements types of surveys description advantages disadvantages self administered mail a survey involving a mailed questionnaire to be completed by the respondent advantages respondents can take their time no pressure cheapest possible with a single researcher can offer anonymity avoids interviewer bias response rates can be high possible low response rate can take a long time cannot control conditions of completion no clarification disadvantages telephone a survey done by phone advantages about 95 of people have phones quick and efficient response rates can be high cheaper than face to face can control question order can clarify questions disadvantages CATI higher cost than mail survey limited interview length cant reach respondents reduces anonymity potential for interviewer bias difficult to use open ended questions face to face a survey completed in person advantages highest response rates longest questionnaires non verbal communication i e body language visual aids disadvantages high cost interviewer bias less supervision electronic mixed mode a survey that is sent and answered by computer either through email or on the web advantages easier to understand data entry errors eliminated results reported quickly low cost disadvantages not many household have internet or computers low response rate surveys that are conducted by more than one method allowing the strengths of one survey design to compensate for the weakness of another and maximizing the likelihood of securing data from different types of respondents for example nonre spondents in a mailed survey may be interviewed in person or over the phone advantages full coverage of topic of study almost guaranteed responses disadvantages high cost interviewer bias in areas other than self administered area CATI computer assisted telephone interviews an interview in which data collection and data entry can occur con currently and data entry error in minimized CASI computer assisted self interviewing a system within which respondents interact with a computer adminis tered questionnaire by using a mouse and following audio instruction delivered via headphones question order the order in which a researcher asks their questions should be different for different methods randomizing question order is disorganized and confusing leaves no control for the researcher Qualitative Methods Chapter 8 history of field research early beginnings Chicago School modern ethnography anthropologists and sociologists laid the foundation for modern qualitative methods while doing field research in the early decades of the 20th century http en wikipedia org wiki Chicago school sociology ethnography is the study of a culture that a group of people share as a method it usually is meant to refer to the process of par ticipant observation by a single investigator who immerses themselves in the group for a long period of time intensive interviewing a qualitative method that involves open ended relatively unstruc tured questioning in which the interviewer seeks in depth information on the interviewee s feelings experiences and perceptions focus groups a qualitative method that involves unstructured group interviews in which the focus group leader actively encourages discussion among participants on the topics of interest inductive reasoning reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader gener alization that is considered probable allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate reflexive research design the design develops as the research progresses each component of the design may need to be reconsidered or modi fied in response to new developments or to changes in some other component reflexivity a narrative provided by the researcher that offers a reflection on the process of research including any obstacles encountered thick description a description that provides a sense of what it is like to experience a certain setting or group from the standpoint of the natural actors in that setting role of the researcher complete observation participation and observation a role in participant observation in which the researcher does not participate in group activities and is publicly defined as a researcher adopting a role that involves some active participation in the setting researcher informs some group members of their research in terests but they also participate in enough group activities to develop trust and rapport with members gaining a direct sense of what group members experience a role in field research in which the researcher does not reveal his or her identity as a researcher to those who are observed the covert participant has adopted the role of a complete par ticipant covert participation field notes notes that describe what has been observed heard or otherwise ex perienced in a participant observation study these notes usually are written after the observation session qualitative paradigms grounded theory naturalism a theory that is grounded in or based on the observations assumes that there are multiple interpretations of reality and that the goal of researchers working within this perspective is to understand how individuals construct their own reality within their social context the study of how people use social interaction to maintain an ongoing sense of reality in a situation To gather data ethnomethodologists rely on conversation anal ysis and a rigorous set of techniques for systematically observ ing and recording what happens when people interact in natu ral settings ethnomethodology validity social desirability bias Hawthorne effect the tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others not good for response validity a
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