Textbook Reading Guide Chapters 6 7 8 9 Chapter 6 Trends in women s employment and labor force participation and reasons o 60 of the female population is in the labor force making up 47 of the labor force in total o Women of child bearing age have especially high rates of labor force participation 2 3 married women 25 64 are in the workforce 68 of women w dependent children o African American women have always had high workforce rates o Transition from manufacturing service economy more jobs for women o Economic needs of families have pushed many women into work o Personal fulfillment Trends in the employment and labor force participation of men and reasons o Declining employment for men 83 72 o Minorities discouraged worker effect the unemployed dropping out of the workforce after an unsuccessful period of job searching o Men more likely to be employed in industries hard hit by the recession construction agriculture manufacturing o Sales is now one of the fastest growing jobs for men Trends in teen employment o Contemporary youth less likely to be employed working fewer hrs o Education teens enrolled in school less likely to be employed o Teens in higher income families are more likely to be employed than lower income due to reliable transportation less competition for jobs Work family interference o Refers to the way in which the connections between jobs and family life may be a source of tension for workers and family members Spillover positive and negative o Spillover transfer of moods feelings and behaviors between work and family settings may be positive or negative o Men s work stress more likely to affect their family life women s family stress more likely to affect their work life Work family role system o Refers to women and men s uneven relationship to work and family o Perpetuates women s inequality in the work force if employed mothers have two jobs work and family they are perceived as less attractive than employed husbands who are able to be single focused workers Work hours total demand vs 40 hour week for individuals o Standard 40 hr week would not be excessive for individuals but a dual earner couple with two 40 hr week jobs and two children may experience the total demand to be overwhelming Research on parental time with their children 1975 2000 o Overall parents have shifted the allocation of their non working hours in ways that maximize their time w children parents are spending more time playing reading talking to spending leisure time with their children Hochchild s research Second shift and hours o Women s disproportional time in housework child care and home management is known as their second shift o Hochchild found that wives devoted more time to housework than did husbands and more time to all forms of family work than husbands o The additional hours that working women spent on the second shift added up to an extra month of work each year Interaction work emotion work consumption work kin work o Interaction work work that women do to sustain communication with their mates o Emotion work the work of trying to find the right feeling to make and keep everything fine mother who promotes a positive father child relationship by offering suggestions of joint activities o Consumption work involves selecting goods and making purchases links the needs of families with products in the market o Kin work maintaining contact and connections among kin as well as providing care and assistance to family members in other house holds Provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 FMLA o Require employers of 50 or more people to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to any worker who has a medical emergency or needs to care for an adopted or newborn child or seriously ill child spouse or parent does not cover part time workers does not pay and jobs w less than 50 ppl do not have to provide leave at all Coping strategies of working families split shift parenting sequencing mommy track o Coping is an active process in which individuals manipulate their role expectations and behaviors to deal with stressful situations o Couples create gender strategies that fit conventional gender beliefs and needs with the realities of women s and men s daily lives o Split shift parenting is a strategy used mostly by working class families in which each parent takes care of children while the other works o Sequencing alternating paid work and child raising rather than trying to combine them establish themselves professionally first and then step off the career ladder for a few years to focus on children and the home o Mommy track leads to fewer promotions and opportunities for advancement when women return to work Chapter 7 Sociological approach to intimacy o 1 We experience intimacy at the micro level yet intimate relations are shaped and given meaning by macro level forces o 2 Human sexuality is not simply a biological drive but is formed by the social system and controlled by those in power o 3 Although particular sexual practices are enforced by the dominant society individuals and groups can resist and take deliberate actions to redefine intimacy as a varied and meaningful part of the human condition Confusion in contemporary male female relationships o The intense need for intimate relationships creates a contradiction the very intensity of emotional and physical intimacy makes the bond increasingly fragile Change in the role of kin and community in support for building relationships o Social changes have moved us away from a society in which community kin and family groupings were a key means of connecting to others With the loosening of ties to place and kin individuals in the modern world make life choices and pursue individual goals of their own How economic and social change have affected intimate relationships o With a changing economy the decline of rural America changing work patterns the lure of cities new opportunities far from home the importance of education and the relative emancipation of women young people began to seek more independence from their parents One result of this was the rise of romantic love as the basis of marriage Dating courtship and class o Couples in 1900 got to know each other in parent s homes through a ritual named calling young woman invites young man o By 1920 s courting couples began to go out on dates shifting the role of initiating relationships from women to men someone had to pay women were seen as second class Outcomes of teen dating o