Ch 10 and Dr. Ajavi- Violence in FamiliesFamilies in a Violent SocietyViolence in families is shaped by the history, culture and distribution of power in society• US leads in industrial nations in violence; we are distinguished from other countries to the extent to which we are willing to rob, maim, kill and rape one anothero 4 times greater likelihood you will experience family violenceo Children in US more likely to live in poverty- link to violence (disadvantage and violence are strongest for the poorest and most neglected of the poor)o Economic inequality & racial/ethnic discrimination leads to higher rates of violent crime• Institutionally Sanctioned Violence (structural components of violence)o Non-intervention stance of legal system (privacy of marriage)- often look the other wayo Legality of corporal punishment(how we view punishment); intentional use of physical force as a method of changing behavioro In education, US supreme court ruled in 1977 teachers had right to use corporal punishmento Schools promote violent, aggressive sportso Religion also supports violenceViolence in the media• TV and movieso Glorified in movies and tvo By age 10, most have seen 16,000 simulated murders and 200,000 acts of violenceo Studies link exposure to media violence and negative outcomes (long and short term) for children• Pornographyo Encourages male dominanceo Central feature= conflation of sex and violenceo Sexualize rape, battery, sexual harassment, and child sexual abuse.o Celebrate and promotes and legitimize them• Musico Popular music celebrates violence o Contempt for women and legal authority• Video gameso $18 million industryo Main theme centered on violenceo Increasingly realistic and interactive• Literature and folklore• Important to note research linking violent behavior to media violence is inconclusive• Real-world violence cannot be directly associated with simulated violenceCustoms and Beliefs• Support violence• Parents encourage sons to be aggressive• Parents consider it part of their role to train sons to be tough• Parents consider it normal to discipline children by hitting them• Simons, Lin, & Gordon (1998) found that harsh physical punishment by parents may also lead to dating violence, “as youth learn that it is okay to hit the ones that you love” (p. 475).Violence and the social organization of the Family• Family encourages conflicto Power system; power is unequally distributed btw parents and children, btw spouses and male parent typically dominant• Male dominance is perpetuated by legal system and religious teaching• More “events” over which a dispute may develop in the familyo Activities are greater and feelings are more intense• Family privacy enhances likelihood of violenceo Insulates family members from society’s protectiono Often prevents abused members from seeking outside helpRelationship Violence=Defined as a pattern of physically, sexually, verbally, and/or emotionally abusive behavior or privacy intrusions in a relationship, abuse takes many forms. It ranges from punching, slapping, pushing, and grabbing to rape and murder; from threats of violence, verbal attacks, and other forms of intimidation to extreme jealousy, possessiveness, and controlling behavior. Relationship abuse is designed to be isolating and controlling, taking different forms at different times and limited only by the energy, imagination and desperation of the abuser.Types of relationship violence:1. Domestic violence2. Intimate partner violence (IPV)o Violence btw- husbands and wives, cohabitating partners, and dating coupleso In form of physical (beating, slapping, kicking, rape), verbal, emotional and sexualo Difficulty to define- can’t agree on common definitiono Majority of abusers are male and most targets are female (males can also be victims).o Center for Disease Control (2006) estimates that more than 8.4 billion dollars was lost due to IPV in the form of medical treatment, mental health services and lost productivity.• Contexts for intimate partner violenceo SOCIAL CLASS No limited to one social class Lower SES= greater chance of violence being recognize Under reported in higher SES Mens unemployment=putting family more at risk for violence Poverty limits womens response to abuse- less likely of escapingo RACE AND ETHNICITY Minority groups= more likely to live in poverty Immigration status also complicates race and abuseo INDIVIDUAL AND RELATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Substance abuse (alcohol, drugs) more likely to abuse/be targeted Occupation- high stress, high demands= pressure to be violent Inadequacy of male partners- male feels not good enough, leads to jealousy, leading to some sort of controlo EMOTIONAL ABUSE From Ridicule and personal put downs to humiliation and trying to convince someone he/she is crazyo FAMILY HISTORY OF ABUSE Sometimes becomes normal if you saw it when younger3. Teen dating violence (TDV)4. Dating violenceo Nearly 1 in 3 (32%) college students report dating violence by a previous partner, and 21% report violence by a current partnero More than half (60%) of acquaintance rapes on college campuses occur in casual or steady dating relationshipso Ninety percent of college women who are victims of rape or attempted rape know their assailanto The attacker is usually a classmate, friend, boyfriend, ex-boyfriend or other acquaintance (in that order).Violence Against women• Women are victims in 8 of 10 spousal homicides• Every year more than 1 million women are stalked by intimate partners• Most temporary restraining orders against intimate partners are violated• 22% women report that they have been physically assaulted• Native American and African American women report significantly higher rates of intimate violence victimization than do other racial groups; Asian americans= lowestCyberbullying• Child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. • It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. • Once adults become involved, it is cyber-harassment or cyberstalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyberstalking is NEVER called cyberbullying.Digital Abuse• In the online environment, it can be anonymous, with the abusers hiding behind fake, stolen,