STUDY GUIDE 2Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9Chapter 6• Trends in women’s employment and labor force participation and reasons o Increased participation of US women in market work unfolding since early 19th centuryo In 1940, less than 20% of the female population age 16 and older was in the labor force.o 2009 risen to 60% compared to 72% meno This was not necessarily done as a cry for liberation, but more of as an economic necessity.o 1980 married women’s place was no longer typically in the homeo Less than 10 percent of US families are homemaker-breadwinner configurations.o Working wives now contribute about 35% of their families income and women out earn men in about ¼ of dual earner families.o Causes were due to: 1. changes in the economy – a transition from a manufacturing to a service economy has had the largest impact.2. decline in real earnings – families have become more dependent on women’s earnings due to inflation, unemployment and less purchasing power.3. personal fulfillment – Work outside the home, paid work, gives women pride, worth and identity.• Trends in the employment and labor force participation of men and reasonso Revolution in paid employment for women coincides with declining employment for meno Since 1960= labor force participation rates among men have edged down gradually from 83- 72% in 2009o Men’s work experience is especially affected by 3 macro-level trends:1. Structural unemployment- Advances in technology and the shift from manufacturing to service and information have had serious consequences for male laborers especially in industrial jobs. Four out of five people losing jobs are men.2. The redistribution of jobs- As manufacturing jobs have become more scarce, men are working in the service sector which pays much less3. Decline in real wages- Men continue to supply the largest part of the family income but the share that women provide is increasing.• Trends in teen employmento Contemporary youth are less likely to be employed and work less hours than in the past.o Teens in higher income families are more likely to work than teens in low-income families.o Teens enrolled in school are less likely to be employed than those not enrolled in school. As rates of high school graduation and advanced education rise, teen’s rates in the workforce decrease.o More involvement in “freelance” work such as cutting yards and babysitting which is harder to measureo Likelihood of teen employment is related to both social class and race• Work-family interferenceo Work shapes family life and family overlaps with worko WORK FAMILY INTERFERENCE= the ways in which the connections btw jobs an family life may be a source of tension for workers and family members• Spillover--positive and negative= Transfer of moods, feelings and behaviors btw work and family settingo Work-to-family spillover is more negativeo Family-to-work spillover is less negativeo Tends to be a gender phenomenon: men’s work stress more likely to affect their family life and women’s family stress more likely to affect/influence their work life• Work-family role system- traditional uneven division of labor in which men’s work role take priority over the family role and women, even those who work outside the home, are to give priority to the family role.o Gender Inequality – Both family and work impose unequal demands on men and women.o The demands of family intrude more on women’s work roles than on those of men.o For men, the role is reversed. Their work demands intrude more on their family lives.o The work-family role system perpetuates women’s inequality in the workforce.o Marital status frequently has different implications for women and men who are seeking jobs.• Research on parental time with their children, 1975-2000 o Time is a scarce commodity; as the economy moves toward a 24 hour, seven day a week work schedule, little time is left for families.o Shift work is on the rise while a full time “day” schedule is less common.o In less than half of dual earning families, men and women both work a “regular” full time schedule.o Timing and Scheduling of Work – both men and women work more hours than they did 20 years ago. The timing of work is a strong determinant offamily life.o Parents are, however, maximizing their time with their children and actually spending more quality time with them than 25 years ago.o Types of work also impact family:1. White Collar and Professional – In general, higher occupational prestige and income increase marital stability and marital satisfaction. A family may benefit from such success financially; however, it may force the professional to neglect his or her family.2. Blue collar- research has found that the characterisitcs of employment for the industrial working class negatively impact family life New research is focusing on women and their work such as caring for other individuals in homes or nursing center Jobs requiring “women work” typically pays less This has economic consequences for those doing these jobs and their families3. Professional satisfaction from work- work may or may not be a source of personal satisfaction4. Dual worker families- are now the dominant form in the labor force5. Wife as a sole provider- in the majority of marries couple families are dual earners, in about 7% the wife is the sole provider6. Single Parent Families: Almost 1/3 of households with children are maintained by a single parent. Nine out of ten single parents are women. Because single parents are responsible for the home and being the sole breadwinner, they face many obstacles. Single mother families have the lowest median income and experience the highest rates of poverty• Hochchild’s research: Second shift and hourso Women’s disproportional time in house work, child care and home management= second shift for employed wiveso Interviewed 50 couples of differen classes and races to find out how families attend to the task that must be accomplished before and after paid worko Wives have additional hours spend on second shift of housework and their jobso Hochchild calculates, add up to an extra month o f work each year• Interaction work- (form of invisible labor) effort that women do to sustain communication with their mates• emotion work- (form of invisible labor) the work of trying to find the right feeling, to make and keep everything fineex= mother who promotes a positive father-child