Study Guide Exam 2 Chapters 6 7 8 and 9 plus assigned articles Emergence and consequences of sexual identities Sexual identity person s mind of an identity as heterosexual homosexual or bisexual set of sexual practices and attitudes that lead to the formation in a Historically o Sexual identity categories did not exist until 19th century o more fluid conception o two categories socially acceptable in marriage moderation and to have children and socially disapproved same sex outside marriage oral sex ect o religious doctrine and civil law forbade many sexual practices but a person who broke those laws was not considered tohave a different personality from those with conventional sexual behavior th century Attitudes compulsory heterosexuality history of constructing 20 deviance o compulsory heterosexuality assumed heterosexual unless declared otherwise pronatalist society o prohibitions in organizations 1953 Eisenhower signed an executive order barring homosexuals from Federal employment because they were medically classified as deviant and therefore not trustworthy communism a threat at the time cold war couldn t work for Federal gov if o legal restrictions complicated issues o conversion programs religious based programs idea based on choice not biology o The Medical model Categories institutionalized through medical literature homosexuals had a psychological illness until 1973 Consequences Sexuality entered language and consciousness a means of organizing people into two contrasting sexual identities normal vs deviant Stigmatized homosexual people and served as a basis for prejudice and discrimination also created a group identity separate spheres social and political actions 1973 APA classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder was withdrawn o Kinsey s report dialogue o Queer theory But 1950s breadwinner homemaker ideal was a sharp contrast The view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms o arguments unclear boundaries of two gender hetero dominant model Social Constructionist perspective on Sexuality sexual identities entirely socially created variations between cultures o history of constructing deviance see above o legal restrictions Integrative perspective on sexuality sexual identity determined by both social and biological factors o people may also be born with sexual tendencies that create predispositions toward an orientation social and cultural factors then further influences what orientation is expressed o studies of twins suggest genetic links to sexual orientation Kinsey report and the revelation that many people have same sex thoughts or actions the continuum 1948 research on sexual behavior An individual s sexual orientation may have both heterosexual and homosexual elements o sexuality is a continuum running from exclusively heterosexual behavior to exclusively homosexual behavior opened a dialogue for discussion on sexuality o but huge shock because occurred in the 50s when everything was strict and heteronormative Consequences of discrimination based on sexual orientation impact on life chances antigay hate in schools o from faculty o physical harassment o missing school because feel unsafe job discrimination lack of marriage benefits legal obstacles lack feelings of social legitimacy Spiritual love vs romantic passionate love erotic love and marriage Spiritual love o Companionate love o Moral and uplifiting experience quiet and spiritual o Cultural predictable reliable stable o Structural reasons economic women not working and need to rely on o Passionate love considered a luxury o Intense sexual o Fragile irrational o Not supposed to have romance in marriage o Historically socially expectable to have affairs as long as it was outside men Romantic love marriage Today o Passion less of luxury o Concept of true love can be problematic bc some feel unsatisfied when looing for perfection or the one o Not geographically bound Separation between erotic love and marriage lasted until 20th century Factors contributing to change from sex as reproduction to sex as pleasure 20th century sex for pleasure 1950s moralists only married people had sex o abstinence until marriage for women 1960s nonmarital sex increased rapidly 1970s unmarried middle class young adults began to live together openly unheard of except among poor previously changes over time less drastic for men factors o individualism during 20th century o increasing economic independence of women could postpone marriage without postponing sexual relationships men able to initiate sexual relationships without having to commit to supporting them o contraception o more adult life outside of marriage Changing purpose of marriage 1 institutional companionship economic and parenting o industrialization o institutional emphasis is on male authority duty and conformity to social o companionship marriage emphasis on affection friendship and sexual separate spheres satisfaction from performing roles 2 companionate individualization self fufilment norms gratification o birth control o obligation to others less central personal fulfillment 1 self development 2 flexible roles 3 communication Later age at first marriage more time as a single person 34 career education individual hook up culture Network of friends more important than relationship because the relationship is more likely to end stable group of friends and couples for social and emotional support Living Apart Together LAT a relationship in which two people define themselves as a couple but do not live together Families of choice a family formed though voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related same sex couples who cannot marry and who may have little contact with immediate family must actively construct their families networks of friends and cohabiting partnerships created kinship Recent trends in US Marriage 97 get married at some point in their lifetime marriage still 1 there are just other options o contract ceremony institutionalized o marriage benefits health economic financial cohabiting increasing more socially accepted to cohabit or not marry less connected to becoming an adult marriage has transitioned from being a marker of conformity to a marker of prestige average age at first marriage 34 later Why might people choose to cohabit What is the most common reason Historically mostly among poor economic necessity since 1970 cohabitation has