SYO 3100 Final Exam ReviewCh. 10: Entering Parenthood- Only five states allow adopted people to look at or receive a copy of their original birth certificate.- It can be said of infertility that it can be an acute life crisis, it is often unanticipated and unexplained, it is especially difficult for women. - Women from the United States may seek infertility treatments in all of the countries (Romania, South Africa, Israel) EXCEPT Germany.- Approximately 3.8 million women in the United States never want to have children.- About 34% of lesbian and 22% of gay households contain at least one child.- The country with the pronatal policy of giving families generous allowances, tax incentives, housing payments, and "large family" discounts on public transportation, household goods, and leisure items to families with three or more children was France.- An effect of China's antinatalist policy has been assigning a yearly quota of numbers of birthsallowed in provinces and cities.- The overwhelming motivation for the medicalization of childbirth is to cut down on or eliminate the mother's pain during childbirth.- One of the major changes in the process of childbirth in the United States in the last 30 years is the presence of fathers at the birth of their children, the number of caesarian sections that are performed, and the advent of "natural" childbirth.- About 90% of fathers are present at the birth of their children in the U.S. today.- Having children was less likely to contribute to a happy marriage than was faithfulness, shared interests and an adequate income.- Germany has created "drop boxes" where mothers who do not want their children, can drop them off anonymously and not be prosecuted for leaving them there.- It wasn't until the 1920s that mothers could fully expect to have the primary responsibility of raising their children to adulthood.- The renewed interest in fathering occurred during the Baby Boom.- Research has shown the Hmong may be better parents than those parents in the U.S.- Pronatalism indicates that children are a blessing and childlessness is a curse.- With the ability to procreate with help being possible, pronatalism intensifies.- The correct percentage is 6% of women who never want to have children.- In Wisconsin a man was barred from having any more children because he would not pay child support for the children he already had.- There is no difference between children raised in homosexual families and those raised in heterosexual families.- It is estimated that by 2040, China will have a greater percent of its population that is older, than that of the United States.- Today about 99% of births take place in the hospital in the United States.- Today women in Peru are given monetary and other incentives to be sterilized in order to cut down on the booming birthrate.- Few transitions are more life altering than the one of going from nonparent to becoming a parent.- As pictured in your text, the woman in Albania lying in a hospital bed shows the actuality that births in parts of the world can still be dangerous.- Children represent a substantial drain on time, energy, privacy, and money.- Parenting has become more private and less of a community obligation.- According to the World Health Organization, breastfeeding is now the worldwide norm.- Fathers had the main child rearing duties until the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century.**BB readings “The Joys of Parenthood, Reconsidered” and “Children HavingChildren”**Ch. 11: Childhood and Adolescence- Social constructs do influence the perception of what childhood is, and how long it last, but they are not the only variables.- Childhood labor was common until the late 19th century.- During the late 18th and early 19th century, the famous French philosopher Rousseau was the first to promote the idea of children as sacred, noble and innocent.- Preschool children are expelled at a rate 3 times that of elementary through high school aged children.- According to the text, the notion of a child being an economic asset to the family went by thewayside in the mid-20th century.- Economists estimate that children do about 11% of the household labor.- According to the text, children have been exploited and have become "child soldiers" in all ofthe following countries (Columbia, Iraq, Sudan) except Bosnia.- Parents in Russia, Nigeria, and Haiti all feel that children should be beaten frequently to teach them respect. - Unlike the majority of adults in China, Japan, and Iceland who believe that children should be taught to be independent, Portugal DOESN’T. - Childrearing practices of parents are influenced by child spacing, birth of older siblings, and the neighborhood; however, it is NOT influenced by peer pressure from children’s friends.- Despite cultural differences, the relationship between social class standing and socialization of values exists in Western European societies such as Germany, in non-Western societies like Japan, and in formerly noncapitalist countries such as Poland.- Latino and African-American parents monitor and supervise their children's activities more closely than do white parents.- Only 26% of children between the ages of 3 and 5 years were cared for only by a parent and not in some form of childcare.- In 2000 about $454 million was spent on after school care.- In 2005 about 47% of seniors reported having sexual intercourse.- Notions of parenting have changed over time.- The notion that childhood was a distinct phase of life did not occur until as late as the 17th century, before this period children were thought of as miniature adults.- In 17th century Europe it was considered natural for adults to play sexually with children.- Until the late 1700s and early 1800s, children were thought to be evil, it was believed that they should be beaten frequently to get rid of the evil.- In states like Ohio and Virginia parents can be held responsible for the acts of their minor children.- The principal dilemma of childrearing today is the balance of protecting children from harm from outside sources, while at the same time preparing them for the larger world.- In middle and upper class families, pressures to perform and succeed-often from parents themselves-can rob childhood of its anxiety-free state.- It is estimated that more than one quarter of a million children have been exploited as "child soldiers" in recent years.- When parents have a second child, they often notice how different their