Exam 1 Review Sheet Chapters 1 4 Introduction Chapter 1 Ways of knowing tradition By accepting what everybody knows we are paired the overwhelming task of starting from scratch in our search for regularities and understanding authority You are more likely to believe a judge than your parents regarding traffic tickets and getting your license suspended Trusting information depends on the source This is a double edged sword as sometimes experts are wrong personal experience beliefs You know what happen when you experience it yourself attitude This is dangerous source of knowledge and it can influence your own research in way that can be problematic Overgeneralization Greatest when there is pressure to reach a general understanding yet over generalization occurs when there is an absence of pressure can misdirects or impedes inquiry premature closure observation selective observation Is once you made up your mind you no longer collect data and make Halo effect is when the source of knowledge is particulary repeatable You only see what you want to see Once we have concluded that particular pattern exists and why we will be tempted to pay attention to future events and situations that correspond with the pattern and to ignore those that don t illogical reasoning resistance to change What statisticians call the gamblers fallacy This deals with luck or exceptions to a rule Cannot prove the rule it contradicts in any system The reluctance to change our ideas in light of new information may occur for several reasons Ego based commitments Excessive devotion to tradition Uncritical agreement with author purpose of a study Explaining the associations between two or more variables is one of the purposes it is useful to examine them separately because each has different implications for other aspects of research design A pilot study A small scaled down study of full study More information on whether it s a good idea or not and the questions to ask This can be simple or complex and could be a phone call from mayor to police chief or something more extensive Do an actual study and describe the way things happen Steps beyond towards analysis identified and evaluate patterns Research that seeks to identify causes or effects of social phenomena Research about social programs or interventions Exploratory descriptive Explanatory Evaluation basic research Theory Chapter 2 inductive deductive inductive the type of research in which general conclusions are drawn from specific data begins with concrete observation and moves toward more abstract generalization it s hand in hand with qualitative data deductive the type of research in which a specific explanation is deduced from a general premise and is then tested begins with abstract logical relationship and move towards concrete evidence micro macro Micro is usually the person and individual Macro deals with larger aggregates such as states counties and neighborhoods quantitative qualitative Qualitative methods such as participate observation Data that are treated as qualitative are mostly written or spoken words they don t have direct numerical interpretation Quantitative Methods such as surveys and experiment that record variation in social life in terms of categories that varies in amount They are treated as numbers or attributes that can be ordered in terms of magnitude Falsifiable A theoretical statement must be capable of being proven wrong that is it must have the capacity to be empirically tested and falsified nomothetic idiographic Idio is unique and of the individual and seeks to explain a single event while Exhaustive list of all potential cause Not common used by criminologist Nomo explains a class of situations or events rather than a single one Identify the most important factors Parsimonious Inheritably probalistic a tentative statement about empirical reality involving a relationship between two or more variables hypothesis paradigms Positivism Associated Auguste Comte Approach of the natural science Believe that they are social laws Identify these law and predict behavior Why do research discover and document law Nature of reality one reality Nature of human rational self interested Role of common sense No role Role of values no role value free science Interpretivism The belief that reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientist is to understand what meaning people give to that reality Much more closer to qualitative research Associated w George Herbert Mead Emphasize subjective understanding Analysis through direct observation Study how people create and maintain their social worlds Symbolic interaction Looking glass self is notion that we views ourselves of how people see us Self fulfilling prophecy if we believe in something for a long time then you would start to act that way Why do research to understand how people create reality Nature of reality created through interaction Nature of human acted in pattern ways not according to law Role of common sense must be understood Role of value in science values must be known Critical Associated with Karl Marx Positivism and intrepretism ignore social context Interaction revolve around power Research should identify the use of power as control Manifest stated purpose Latent under the surface Why do research to uncover inequalities and injustices What shape the nature of reality shaped by social political factors multiple layers False consciousness people are poor because it is their fault Ethics Chapter 3 deception confidentiality vs anonymity Confidentiality is not releasing any information about the individual Anonymity is the person who is doing the study doesn t know the individual This occurs when subject are misled about research procedures in an effort to determine how they would react to the treatment if they were not research subject The goal is to get the subject to accept as true what is false or to give a false impression IRB informed consent Institutional review board Boards that do research on humans must have this 2 purposes Establish risk and whether they are acceptable Informing subjects about research procedures and then obtaining their consent to participate Laud Humphries Tea Room Trade posed as a lookout and watched people get gay sex acts in public bathrooms and then followed them home and interviewed them He was married at the time and is gay today and this happened in 1974 Stanley Mailgram s Obedience to Authority An unethical experiment where
View Full Document
Unlocking...